11 research outputs found
Standard Siren Cosmology with Gravitational Waves from Binary Black Hole Mergers in Active Galaxy Nuclei
The detection of gravitational waves (GW) with an electromagnetic counterpart
enabled the first Hubble Constant measurement through the standard siren
method. Current constraints suggest that of LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA
(LVK) Binary Black Hole (BBH) mergers occur in Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN)
disks. The claim for a possible association of several BBH mergers with flaring
AGNs suggests that cosmological analyses using BBH and AGNs might be promising.
We explore standard siren analyses through a method that takes into account the
presence of background flaring AGNs, without requiring a unique host galaxy
identification, and apply it to realistic GW simulations. Depending on the
fraction of LVK BBHs that induce flares, we expect to constrain at the
() precision with years or
events ( year or events) of LVK at design (A+) sensitivity,
assuming that systematic BBH follow-up searches are performed. Assuming a more
restrictive prior and that at least of BBHs produces
detectable flares, we may reach a () precision in after 2 (1)
year of LVK at design (A+) sensitivity. We also show that a
precision is possible with complete AGN catalogs and 1 year of LVK run, without
the need of time-critical follow-up observations.Comment: 14 pages, 5 figure
Deep-pretrained-FWI: combining supervised learning with physics-informed neural network
An accurate velocity model is essential to make a good seismic image.
Conventional methods to perform Velocity Model Building (VMB) tasks rely on
inverse methods, which, despite being widely used, are ill-posed problems that
require intense and specialized human supervision. Convolutional Neural
Networks (CNN) have been extensively investigated as an alternative to solve
the VMB task. Two main approaches were investigated in the literature:
supervised training and Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINN). Supervised
training presents some generalization issues since structures, and velocity
ranges must be similar in training and test set. Some works integrated
Full-waveform Inversion (FWI) with CNN, defining the problem of VMB in the PINN
framework. In this case, the CNN stabilizes the inversion, acting like a
regularizer and avoiding local minima-related problems and, in some cases,
sparing an initial velocity model. Our approach combines supervised and
physics-informed neural networks by using transfer learning to start the
inversion. The pre-trained CNN is obtained using a supervised approach based on
training with a reduced and simple data set to capture the main velocity trend
at the initial FWI iterations. We show that transfer learning reduces the
uncertainties of the process, accelerates model convergence, and improves the
final scores of the iterative process.Comment: Paper present at machine Learning and the Physical Sciences workshop,
NeurIPS 202
Deep Learning assessment of galaxy morphology in S-PLUS Data Release 1
The morphological diversity of galaxies is a relevant probe of galaxy evolution and cosmological structure formation, but the classification of galaxies in large sky surveys is becoming a significant challenge. We use data from the Stripe-82 area observed by the Southern Photometric Local Universe Survey (S-PLUS) in 12 optical bands, and present a catalogue of the morphologies of galaxies brighter than r = 17 mag determined both using a novel multiband morphometric fitting technique and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for computer vision. Using the CNNs, we find that, compared to our baseline results with three bands, the performance increases when using 5 broad and 3 narrow bands, but is poorer when using the full 12 band S-PLUS image set. However, the best result is still achieved with just three optical bands when using pre-trained network weights from an ImageNet data set. These results demonstrate the importance of using prior knowledge about neural network weights based on training in unrelated, extensive data sets, when available. Our catalogue contains 3274 galaxies in Stripe-82 that are not present in Galaxy Zoo 1 (GZ1), and we also provide our classifications for 4686 galaxies that were considered ambiguous in GZ1. Finally, we present a prospect of a novel way to take advantage of 12 band information for morphological classification using morphometric features, and we release a model that has been pre-trained on several bands that could be adapted for classifications using data from other surveys. The morphological catalogues are publicly available.Facultad de Ciencias AstronĂłmicas y GeofĂsicasInstituto de AstrofĂsica de La Plat
The Gravity Collective: A Search for the Electromagnetic Counterpart to the Neutron Star-Black Hole Merger GW190814
We present optical follow-up imaging obtained with the Katzman Automatic
Imaging Telescope, Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network, Nickel
Telescope, Swope Telescope, and Thacher Telescope of the LIGO/Virgo
gravitational wave (GW) signal from the neutron star-black hole (NSBH) merger
GW190814. We searched the GW190814 localization region (19 deg for the
90th percentile best localization), covering a total of 51 deg and 94.6%
of the two-dimensional localization region. Analyzing the properties of 189
transients that we consider as candidate counterparts to the NSBH merger,
including their localizations, discovery times from merger, optical spectra,
likely host-galaxy redshifts, and photometric evolution, we conclude that none
of these objects are likely to be associated with GW190814. Based on this
finding, we consider the likely optical properties of an electromagnetic
counterpart to GW190814, including possible kilonovae and short gamma-ray burst
afterglows. Using the joint limits from our follow-up imaging, we conclude that
a counterpart with an -band decline rate of 0.68 mag day, similar to
the kilonova AT 2017gfo, could peak at an absolute magnitude of at most
mag (50% confidence). Our data are not constraining for ''red'' kilonovae and
rule out ''blue'' kilonovae with (30% confidence). We
strongly rule out all known types of short gamma-ray burst afterglows with
viewing angles 17 assuming an initial jet opening angle of
and explosion energies and circumburst densities similar to
afterglows explored in the literature. Finally, we explore the possibility that
GW190814 merged in the disk of an active galactic nucleus, of which we find
four in the localization region, but we do not find any candidate counterparts
among these sources.Comment: 86 pages, 9 figure
Deep-tomography: iterative velocity model building with deep learning
The accurate and fast estimation of velocity models is crucial in seismic
imaging. Conventional methods, like Tomography and Full-Waveform Inversion
(FWI), obtain appropriate velocity models; however, they require intense and
specialized human supervision and consume much time and computational
resources. In recent years, some works investigated deep learning(DL)
algorithms to obtain the velocity model directly from shots or migrated angle
panels, obtaining encouraging predictions of synthetic models. This paper
proposes a new flow to increase the complexity of velocity models recovered
with DL. Inspired by the conventional geophysical velocity model building
methods, instead of predicting the entire model in one step, we predict the
velocity model iteratively. We implement the iterative nature of the process
when, for each iteration, we train the DL algorithm to determine the velocity
model with a certain level of precision/resolution for the next iteration; we
name this process as Deep-Tomography. Starting from an initial model that
roughly approaches the true model, the Deep-Tomography is able to predict an
appropriate final model, even in complete unseen data, like the Marmousi model.Comment: 27 pages, 9 figures. First manuscript version submitted to
Geophysical Journal International in February 202
The Gravity Collective: A Search for the Electromagnetic Counterpart to the Neutron Star-Black Hole Merger GW190814
We present optical follow-up imaging obtained with the Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope, Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network, Nickel Telescope, Swope Telescope, and Thacher Telescope of the LIGO/Virgo gravitational wave (GW) signal from the neutron star-black hole (NSBH) merger GW190814. We searched the GW190814 localization region (19 deg2 for the 90th percentile best localization), covering a total of 51 deg2 and 94.6% of the two-dimensional localization region. Analyzing the properties of 189 transients that we consider as candidate counterparts to the NSBH merger, including their localizations, discovery times from merger, optical spectra, likely host galaxy redshifts, and photometric evolution, we conclude that none of these objects are likely to be associated with GW190814. Based on this finding, we consider the likely optical properties of an electromagnetic counterpart to GW190814, including possible kilonovae and short gamma-ray burst afterglows. Using the joint limits from our follow-up imaging, we conclude that a counterpart with an r-band decline rate of 0.68 mag day-1, similar to the kilonova AT 2017gfo, could peak at an absolute magnitude of at most -17.8 mag (50% confidence). Our data are not constraining for red kilonovae and rule out blue kilonovae with M \u3e 0.5 M oË (30% confidence). We strongly rule out all known types of short gamma-ray burst afterglows with viewing angles \u3c17° assuming an initial jet opening angle of âŒ5.°2 and explosion energies and circumburst densities similar to afterglows explored in the literature. Finally, we explore the possibility that GW190814 merged in the disk of an active galactic nucleus, of which we find four in the localization region, but we do not find any candidate counterparts among these sources
Cosmology Intertwined : A Review of the Particle Physics, Astrophysics, and Cosmology Associated with the Cosmological Tensions and Anomalies
Contribution to Snowmass 2021. 224 pages, 27 figures. Accepted for publication in JHEApPeer reviewe
Designing an Optimal Kilonova Search using DECam for Gravitational Wave Events
International audienceWe address the problem of optimally identifying all kilonovae detected via gravitational wave emission in the upcoming LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA Collaboration observing run, O4, which is expected to be sensitive to a factor of more Binary Neutron Stars alerts than previously. Electromagnetic follow-up of all but the brightest of these new events will require meter telescopes, for which limited time is available. We present an optimized observing strategy for the Dark Energy Camera during O4. We base our study on simulations of gravitational wave events expected for O4 and wide-prior kilonova simulations. We derive the detectabilities of events for realistic observing conditions. We optimize our strategy for confirming a kilonova while minimizing telescope time. For a wide range of kilonova parameters, corresponding to a fainter kilonova compared to GW170817/AT2017gfo we find that, with this optimal strategy, the discovery probability for electromagnetic counterparts with the Dark Energy Camera is at the nominal binary neutron star gravitational wave detection limit for the next LVK observing run (190 Mpc), which corresponds to a improvement compared to the strategy adopted during the previous observing run. For more distant events ( Mpc), we reach a probability of detection, a factor of increase. For a brighter kilonova model dominated by the blue component that reproduces the observations of GW170817/AT2017gfo, we find that we can reach probability of detection out to 330 Mpc, representing an increase of , while also reducing the total telescope time required to follow-up events by
Cosmology intertwined: A review of the particle physics, astrophysics, and cosmology associated with the cosmological tensions and anomalies
The standard Î Cold Dark Matter (ÎCDM) cosmological model provides a good description of a wide range of astrophysical and cosmological data. However, there are a few big open questions that make the standard model look like an approximation to a more realistic scenario yet to be found. In this paper, we list a few important goals that need to be addressed in the next decade, taking into account the current discordances between the different cosmological probes, such as the disagreement in the value of the Hubble constant H0, the Ï8âS8 tension, and other less statistically significant anomalies. While these discordances can still be in part the result of systematic errors, their persistence after several years of accurate analysis strongly hints at cracks in the standard cosmological scenario and the necessity for new physics or generalisations beyond the standard model. In this paper, we focus on the 5.0Ï tension between the Planck CMB estimate of the Hubble constant H0 and the SH0ES collaboration measurements. After showing the H0 evaluations made from different teams using different methods and geometric calibrations, we list a few interesting new physics models that could alleviate this tension and discuss how the next decade's experiments will be crucial. Moreover, we focus on the tension of the Planck CMB data with weak lensing measurements and redshift surveys, about the value of the matter energy density Ωm, and the amplitude or rate of the growth of structure (Ï8,fÏ8). We list a few interesting models proposed for alleviating this tension, and we discuss the importance of trying to fit a full array of data with a single model and not just one parameter at a time. Additionally, we present a wide range of other less discussed anomalies at a statistical significance level lower than the H0âS8 tensions which may also constitute hints towards new physics, and we discuss possible generic theoretical approaches that can collectively explain the non-standard nature of these signals. Finally, we give an overview of upgraded experiments and next-generation space missions and facilities on Earth that will be of crucial importance to address all these open questions