Problems of Organizing Critical Thinking Training for University Students

The paper aims to determine the factors that hinder forming and developing critical thinking of students and ways to overcome them in higher education. First, it is a problem of low motivation and a low level of self-regulation in critical thinking training. These problems reduce the effectiveness of all those methods and techniques for forming critical thinking that teachers use. We propose applying differentiated learning (multilevel learning) as one of the most effective ways to solve the problem of organizing critical thinking training. Moreover, we consider that at the beginning of training, it is necessary to determine the personal qualities of students, such as purposefulness, self-discipline, perseverance, tolerance, academic motivation, and self-regulation of cognitive activity. During the learning process, it is necessary to use multilevel tasks and exercises to cover all categories of students. This is because these tasks are based on some volitional qualities of the personality and motivation for learning. This approach is systemic and makes it possible to achieve high efficiency in teaching critical thinking

О КРИТЕРИЯХ ПРИНЯТИЯ РЕШЕНИЙ ПРИ УПРАВЛЕНИИ ЗАПАСАМИ В УСЛОВИЯХ РИСКА

The authors consider some features of use of the main criteria of decision efficiency in the stock management in terms of a risk based on the manufacturing situations such as criterion of an expectation value, criterion of a threshold level and criterion of a risk minimization. The conclusion is that in using mathematical methods of stock management in terms of risk the criterion of a threshold level represents the most practical value, which implements the principle of planning by probabilistic level.На примере конкретных производственных ситуаций рассматриваются некоторые особенности использования основных критериев эффективности решений при управлении запасами материальных ресурсов в условиях риска: критерия ожидаемого значения, критерия предельного уровня и критерия минимизации риска.Делается вывод, что при использовании математических методов управления запасами в условиях риска наибольшую практическую ценность представляет критерий предельного уровня, реализующий принцип планирования вероятностным уровнем

ОБ ОБОБЩЕНИИ И РАЗВИТИИ СИСТЕМЫ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ С ОСНОВНЫМ ЗАПАСОМ

In the present paper is an extension of the paper «Some generalizations of the management system with the main stock» published in [1]. The analytical dependence of the random variable rate of working capital for the most common of the probability distribution in the management of stocks. The calculation of the probability of a shortage in the unit needs. The possibility of using the results of research in the ERP-systems.Настоящая работа является развитием результатов, опубликованных в статье «Некоторые обобщения системы управления с основным запасом» [1]. Представлены аналитические зависимости случайной величины расхода оборотных средств для наиболее распространенных законов вероятностного распределения в управлении запасов. Приведен расчет вероятности возникновения дефицита при единичной потребности. Показана возможность использования результатов исследования в ERP-системах

Erot spatiaalisissa ja ajallisissa reaktionormeissa kevään ja syksyn fenologisille tapahtumille

For species to stay temporally tuned to their environment, they use cues such as the accumulation of degree-days. The relationships between the timing of a phenological event in a population and its environmental cue can be described by a population-level reaction norm. Variation in reaction norms along environmental gradients may either intensify the envi- ronmental effects on timing (cogradient variation) or attenu- ate the effects (countergradient variation). To resolve spatial and seasonal variation in species’ response, we use a unique dataset of 91 taxa and 178 phenological events observed across a network of 472 monitoring sites, spread across the nations of the former Soviet Union. We show that compared to local rates of advancement of phenological events with the advancement of temperature-related cues (i.e., variation within site over years), spatial variation in reaction normsPeer reviewe

Chronicles of nature calendar, a long-term and large-scale multitaxon database on phenology

We present an extensive, large-scale, long-term and multitaxon database on phenological and climatic variation, involving 506,186 observation dates acquired in 471 localities in Russian Federation, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Belarus and Kyrgyzstan. The data cover the period 1890-2018, with 96% of the data being from 1960 onwards. The database is rich in plants, birds and climatic events, but also includes insects, amphibians, reptiles and fungi. The database includes multiple events per species, such as the onset days of leaf unfolding and leaf fall for plants, and the days for first spring and last autumn occurrences for birds. The data were acquired using standardized methods by permanent staff of national parks and nature reserves (87% of the data) and members of a phenological observation network (13% of the data). The database is valuable for exploring how species respond in their phenology to climate change. Large-scale analyses of spatial variation in phenological response can help to better predict the consequences of species and community responses to climate change.Peer reviewe

Phenological shifts of abiotic events, producers and consumers across a continent

Ongoing climate change can shift organism phenology in ways that vary depending on species, habitats and climate factors studied. To probe for large-scale patterns in associated phenological change, we use 70,709 observations from six decades of systematic monitoring across the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Among 110 phenological events related to plants, birds, insects, amphibians and fungi, we find a mosaic of change, defying simple predictions of earlier springs, later autumns and stronger changes at higher latitudes and elevations. Site mean temperature emerged as a strong predictor of local phenology, but the magnitude and direction of change varied with trophic level and the relative timing of an event. Beyond temperature-associated variation, we uncover high variation among both sites and years, with some sites being characterized by disproportionately long seasons and others by short ones. Our findings emphasize concerns regarding ecosystem integrity and highlight the difficulty of predicting climate change outcomes. The authors use systematic monitoring across the former USSR to investigate phenological changes across taxa. The long-term mean temperature of a site emerged as a strong predictor of phenological change, with further imprints of trophic level, event timing, site, year and biotic interactions.Peer reviewe

CRITERIA OF DECISION-MAKING IN THE STOCK MANAGEMENT IN TERMS OF A RISK

The authors consider some features of use of the main criteria of decision efficiency in the stock management in terms of a risk based on the manufacturing situations such as criterion of an expectation value, criterion of a threshold level and criterion of a risk minimization. The conclusion is that in using mathematical methods of stock management in terms of risk the criterion of a threshold level represents the most practical value, which implements the principle of planning by probabilistic level

THE SYNTHESIS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM WITH THE MAIN STOCK

In the present paper is an extension of the paper «Some generalizations of the management system with the main stock» published in [1]. The analytical dependence of the random variable rate of working capital for the most common of the probability distribution in the management of stocks. The calculation of the probability of a shortage in the unit needs. The possibility of using the results of research in the ERP-systems

Differences in spatial versus temporal reaction norms for spring and autumn phenological events

For species to stay temporally tuned to their environment, they use cues such as the accumulation of degree-days. The relationships between the timing of a phenological event in a population and its environmental cue can be described by a population-level reaction norm. Variation in reaction norms along environmental gradients may either intensify the environmental effects on timing (cogradient variation) or attenuate the effects (countergradient variation). To resolve spatial and seasonal variation in species' response, we use a unique dataset of 91 taxa and 178 phenological events observed across a network of 472 monitoring sites, spread across the nations of the former Soviet Union. We show that compared to local rates of advancement of phenological events with the advancement of temperature-related cues (i.e., variation within site over years), spatial variation in reaction norms tend to accentuate responses in spring (cogradient variation) and attenuate them in autumn (countergradient variation). As a result, among-population variation in the timing of events is greater in spring and less in autumn than if all populations followed the same reaction norm regardless of location. Despite such signs of local adaptation, overall phenotypic plasticity was not sufficient for phenological events to keep exact pace with their cues-the earlier the year, the more did the timing of the phenological event lag behind the timing of the cue. Overall, these patterns suggest that differences in the spatial versus temporal reaction norms will affect species' response to climate change in opposite ways in spring and autumn