Soil seed bank responses to edge effects in temperate European forests

Aim The amount of forest edges is increasing globally due to forest fragmentation and land-use changes. However, edge effects on the soil seed bank of temperate forests are still poorly understood. Here, we assessed edge effects at contrasting spatial scales across Europe and quantified the extent to which edges can preserve the seeds of forest specialist plants. Location Temperate European deciduous forests along a 2,300-km latitudinal gradient. Time period 2018-2021. Major taxa studied Vascular plants. Methods Through a greenhouse germination experiment, we studied how edge effects alter the density, diversity, composition and functionality of forest soil seed banks in 90 plots along different latitudes, elevations and forest management types. We also assessed which environmental conditions drive the seed bank responses at the forest edge versus interior and looked at the relationship between the seed bank and the herb layer species richness. Results Overall, 10,108 seedlings of 250 species emerged from the soil seed bank. Seed density and species richness of generalists (species not only associated with forests) were higher at edges compared to interiors, with a negative influence of C : N ratio and litter quality. Conversely, forest specialist species richness did not decline from the interior to the edge. Also, edges were compositionally, but not functionally, different from interiors. The correlation between the seed bank and the herb layer species richness was positive and affected by microclimate. Main conclusions Our results underpin how edge effects shape species diversity and composition of soil seed banks in ancient forests, especially increasing the proportion of generalist species and thus potentially favouring a shift in community composition. However, the presence of many forest specialists suggests that soil seed banks still play a key role in understorey species persistence and could support the resilience of our fragmented forests

Häufigkeit der schweren Sepsis und des septischen Schock auf Intensivstationen in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

Bereits Hippokrates war sich der Gefahr der Sepsis bewusst. Damals noch ein Todesurteil, fordern die Sepsis-Patienten noch heute das medizinische Personal der Krankenhäuser. Hohe Sterblichkeiten, Fallzahlen und Kosten stellen immense Herausforderungen dar. Umso wichtiger sind gute Forschungsergebnisse, um die Sterblichkeit zu senken und die Krankheitsverläufe nachhaltig zu beeinflussen. 2007 konnte erstmalig eine hohe Prävalenz der schweren Sepsis und des septischen Schockes in Deutschland gezeigt werden. Da die Inzidenz nur geschätzt wurde, startete das Kompetenznetz Sepsis im Jahr 2013 die INSEP-Studie. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Daten aus Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Am 4. November 2013 litten 20,1 % der beobachteten Patienten an einer schweren Sepsis oder einem septischen Schock. Diese Daten reihen sich im Vergleich zu internationalen Daten im Mittelfeld ein und zeigen einen Anstieg gegenüber den deutschen Daten von 2007. Die Inzidenz während der Studiendauer betrug zwischen 268 und 288 / 100 000 Einwohner, liegt damit über vergleichbaren prospektiven Daten und entspricht etwa retrospektiven Daten. Eine Studie deutscher Abrechnungsdaten zeigte, dass nur 50,7 % der Patienten mit schwerer Sepsis und 74,3 % der Patienten mit septischem Schock auf Intensivstationen behandelt wurden, sodass die wahre Inzidenz bei etwa 500 \ 100 000 Einwohner liegen müsste. Während ihres Krankenhausaufenthalts verstarben 37,6 % der beobachteten Patienten mit einer schweren Sepsis oder einem septischen Schock, 42 % im Zeitraum von 90 Tagen. Die entspricht etwa 1800 Patienten pro Jahr. Basierend auf diesen Daten müssten die schwere Sepsis und der septische Schock als die Haupttodesursache in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern angesehen werden. Die in dieser Arbeit durchgeführten Berechnungen offenbaren einige Probleme in Bezug auf Repräsentativität und Übertragbarkeit. Dennoch erlauben sie die Grundannahme, dass die schwere Sepsis sowohl in der Inzidenz als auch in der absoluten Sterblichkeit in offiziellen Statistiken deutlich unterschätzt wird und verdeutlichen damit die Dringlichkeit weiterer Analysen.Already Hippocrates was aware of the risk of infection and sepsis. At that time a death sentence, the sepsis patients still challenge the medical staff nowadays. High mortality, high case numbers and huge costs are enormous challenges. Even more good research results are needed to reduce mortality and to stop the course of the disease or even to improve it. In 2007, a high prevalence of severe sepsis and septic shock was shown for the first time in Germany. To estimate the incidence of sepsis the Kompetenznetz Sepsis organized the INSEP study in 2013. This thesis deals with the collected data from Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. At 4th November 2013, 20.1 % of the observed patients had a severe sepsis or a septic shock. Compared to international data, the case numbers of this study are in the midrange, but show an increased number compared to the German data from 2007. The incidence during the study period was between 268 and 288/100 000 inhabitants, which is a greater number compared to prospective data, but corresponds approx. to retrospective data. An analysis of health insurance company data showed that only 50.7 % of patients with severe sepsis and 74.3 % of patients with septic shock are treated on intensive care units. According to this, the true incidence would be 500 / 100,000 inhabitants. During the hospital stay, 37.6 % of those patients with diagnosed severe sepsis or septic shock die, 42 % over a period of 90 days corresponding to about 1800 deaths per year. Based on these data, severe sepsis and septic shock would have to be considered as the main cause of death in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. The evaluation performed in this thesis revealed some issues about representational and transferability. However, they do allow the assumption that severe sepsis is underestimated in official statistics, both in incidence and in absolute mortality and highlighting the urgency of further analysis

Drivers of carbon stocks in forest edges across Europe

Forests play a key role in global carbon cycling and sequestration. However, the potential for carbon drawdown is affected by forest fragmentation and resulting changes in microclimate, nutrient inputs, disturbance and productivity near edges. Up to 20% of the global forested area lies within 100 m of an edge and, even in temperate forests, knowledge on how edge conditions affect carbon stocks and how far this influence penetrates into forest interiors is scarce. Here we studied carbon stocks in the aboveground biomass, forest floor and the mineral topsoil in 225 plots in deciduous forest edges across Europe and tested the impact of macroclimate, nitrogen deposition and smaller-grained drivers (e.g. microclimate) on these stocks. Total carbon and carbon in the aboveground biomass stock were on average 39% and 95% higher at the forest edge than 100 m into the interior. The increase in the aboveground biomass stock close to the edge was mainly related to enhanced nitrogen deposition. No edge influence was found for stocks in the mineral topsoil. Edge-to-interior gradients in forest floor carbon changed across latitude: carbon stocks in the forest floor were higher near the edge in southern Europe. Forest floor carbon decreased with increasing litter quality (i.e. high decomposition rate) and decreasing plant area index, whereas higher soil temperatures negatively affected the mineral topsoil carbon. Based on high-resolution forest fragmentation maps, we estimate that the additional carbon stored in deciduous forest edges across Europe amounts to not less than 183 Tg carbon, which is equivalent to the storage capacity of 1 million ha of additional forest. This study underpins the importance of including edge influences when quantifying the carbon stocks in temperate forests and stresses the importance of preserving natural forest edges and small forest patches with a high edge-to-interior surface area

Trait–micro‐environment relationships of forest herb communities across Europe

Aim: The microclimate and light conditions on the forest floor are strongly modified by tree canopies. Therefore, we need to better consider the micro-environment when quantifying trait–environment relationships for forest understorey plants. Here, we quantify relationships between micro-environmental conditions and plant functional traits at the community level, including intraspecific trait variation, and their relationship with microclimate air temperature, light and soil properties. Location: Deciduous temperate forests across Europe. Time period: 2018. Major taxa studied: Herbaceous vegetation. Methods: We sampled 225 plots across 15 regions along four complementary gradients capturing both macro- and microclimatic conditions including latitude, elevation, forest management and distance to forest edges. We related the community-weighted mean of five plant functional traits (plant height, specific leaf area [SLA], plant carbon [C], plant nitrogen [N] and plant C:N ratio) across 150 vascular plant species to variation in local microclimate air temperature, light and soil properties. We tested the effect of accounting for intraspecific variation in trait–environment relationships and performed variation partitioning to identify major drivers of trait variation. Results: Microclimate temperature, light availability and soil properties were all important predictors of community-weighted mean functional traits. When light availability and variation in temperature were higher, the herb community often consisted of taller plants with a higher C:N ratio. In more productive environments (e.g. with high soil nitrogen availability), the community was dominated by individuals with resource-acquisitive traits: high SLA and N but low C:N. Including intraspecific trait variation increased the strength of the trait–micro-environment relationship, and increased the importance of light availability. Main conclusions: The trait–environment relationships were much stronger when the micro-environment and intraspecific trait variation were considered. By locally steering light availability and temperature, forest managers can potentially impact the functional signature of the forest herb-layer community

Drivers of carbon stocks in forests edges across Europe

Forests play a key role in global carbon cycling and sequestration.However, the potential for carbon drawdownis affected by forest fragmentation and resulting changes in microclimate, nutrient inputs, disturbance and productivity near edges. Up to 20% of the global forested area lieswithin 100mof an edge and, even in temperate forests,knowledge on howedge conditions affect carbon stocks and howfar this influence penetrates into forest interiors is scarce. Here we studied carbon stocks in the aboveground biomass, forest floor and themineral topsoil in 225 plots in deciduous forest edges across Europe and tested the impact of macroclimate, nitrogen deposition and smaller-grained drivers (e.g.microclimate) on these stocks. Total carbon and carbon in the boveground biomass stock were on average 39% and 95% higher at the forest edge than 100 m into the interior. The increase in the aboveground biomass stock close to the edgewas mainly related to enhanced nitrogen deposition. No edge influence was found for stocks in the mineral topsoil. Edge-to-interior gradients in forest floor carbon changed across latitude: carbon stocks in the forest floor were higher near the edge in southern Europe. Forest floor carbon decreased with increasing litter quality (i.e. high decomposition rate) and decreasing plant area index, whereas higher soil temperatures negatively effected themineral topsoil carbon. Based on high-resolution forest fragmentation maps, we estimate that the additional carbon stored in deciduous forest edges across Europe amounts to not less than 183 Tg carbon, which is equivalent to the storage capacity of 1 million ha of additional forest. This study underpins the importance of including edge influences when quantifying the carbon stocks in temperate forests and stresses the importance of reserving natural forest edges and small forest patches with a high edge-to-interior surface area