Nanotechnologies: A Review of Inventions and Utility Models. Part V

The article provides an abstract review of patents. The results of creative activity of scientists, engineers and specialists, including inventions in the field of nanotechnology and nanomaterials, being implemented, allow achieving a significant effect in construction, housing and community services, and related sectors of the economy. For example, the invention A method to produce dry construction mixtures refers to manufacturing of building materials, in particularly, to manufacture of dry construction mixtures (DCM) by the method of joint mechanoactivation of cement and dolomite, with further modification of them with carbon nanostructures (CNT). The technical result of the given method of mixing CNT and main component of dry construction mixtures cement - is that it makes possible to use microquantities (0.005%) of CNT in DCM. That allows decreasing product cost of obtained mixture. Moreover, due to increased strength, faster hardening of materials one can reduce consumption of these mixtures. That is additional factor affecting decrease of mixture product cost. The results obtained after application of mechanoactivation of basic mixture components were different practically by all indicators from the mixtures prepared by simple mixing. Compression strength and tensile strength increased by 10-15%, adhesion strength increased too. Along with increasing of strength characteristics such an important indicator of DCM as air permeability has decreased. Reduction of total volume of pores in dense structure of cement matrix caused dramatic slow-up of moisture diffusion rate. The specialists can also be interested in the following inventions in the area of nanotechnologies: a method of laser building-up welding for metal coatings, high RAP in WMA surface mixture containing nanoglass fibers, a device to apply nanoparticles of metal oxides on metal surface under normal conditions, multifunctional nanostructured additive for coatings, experimental assessment of cement mortar using nanooxide compounds, a composition for setting constructional layers of road pavements, a method to obtain composite films of nanofibers, nano-engineering of construction materials using molecular dynamics simulations, cast and self-compacting concrete mixture for cast-in-situ concrete and prefabricated reinforced units, a method to obtain photocatalyst based on nanotubular titanium dioxide et al

Inventions of Scientists, Engineers and Specialists from Different Countries in the Area of Nanotechnologies. Part III

Introduction. Advanced technologies impress people’s imagination demonstrating the latest achievements (materials, methods, systems, technologies, devices etc.) that dramatically change the world. This, first of all, concerns nanotechnological inventions designed by scientists, engineers and specialists from different countries. Main part. The article provides an abstract review of patents. The results of creative activity of scientists, engineers and specialists, including inventions in the field of nanotechnology and nanomaterials, being implemented, allow achieving a significant effect in construction, housing and community services, and related sectors of the economy. For example, the invention «Composite material with oriented carbon nanotubes» refers to the area of composite materials which consist of polymer matrix and filler that is often presented by carbon nanotubes. The technical result is increased tensile strength of composite material due to formation of structure of oriented carbon nanotubes in polymer matrix. That is performed by means of flat-rate flow of direct current which destroys filler agglomerates. The specialists can also be interested in the following inventions in the area of nanotechnologies: a method to produce powder containing nanocrystalline cubic tungsten carbide; a method to produce porous graphene membranes and the membranes produced with this method; suppressor coating on the basis of polymer matrix with inclusion of carbon nanotubes and a method to produce it; a method to determine location of polyethylene gas pipeline and places of possible illegal tapping of those pipeline; a method to produce biphasic thermoelectric ceramics; electron-beam system of 3D radiant nanomodification for materials and articles; lab-on-fruit skin and lab-on-leaf towards recognition of trifluralin using Ag-citrate/GQDs nanocomposite stabilized on the flexible substrate: A new platform for the electroanalysis of herbicides using direct writing of nano-inks and pen-on paper technology; and others. Conclusion. One of the most challenging tasks the economy of every country face is to increase industrial competitiveness through technological upgrade. From the side of the state and companies the principal object to control in this process are the people and enterprises dealing with introduction of inventions and new technologies

Физико-химические основы переработки растворов термопластичных полиэфируретанов для прогнозирования возможности их применения в производстве волокнисто-пористых композиционных материалов

Objectives. To study the structure and properties of solutions of thermoplastic poly(ether urethane)s (PEUs) to inform their potential use in the production of fibrous-porous polymer composite materials with a given structure and set of performance properties depending on the field of practical application.Methods. The composition of PEUs was studied by attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy using a program for correcting the spectra on an IR Fourier spectrophotometer, as well by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) using a heat flow calorimeter. The viscosity of PEU solutions was determined on a rotational viscometer.Results. The chemical composition of PEUs and the nature of the formation of hydrogen bonds were studied. An analysis of the spectra demonstrates the almost complete identity of the PEUs synthesized from the same 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate. In the studied PEUs of the Vitur and Desmopan® brands, as well as Sanpren, pronounced absorption bands characteristic of urethane groups involved in the formation of hydrogen bonds are visible in the region from 1702 to 1730 cm−1. The temperature transitions and thermal stability of the investigated PEUs were determined by DSC. The influence of the ratio of rigid and flexible blocks, as well as the nature of hydrogen bonds on the melting temperatures of polymers, was shown. Analysis of the DSC curves demonstrated all the studied PEUs to have high melting points ranging from 159 to 215°C. From the studied temperature dependences of the structural viscosity of thermoplastic PEUs solutions, all solutions were established to have a minimum viscosity anomaly; the value of the logarithm of viscosity depends on the chemical composition and structure of the initial PEUs. It is shown that the viscosity anomaly of PEU solutions can be reduced with increasing temperature.Conclusions. A comparison of the chemical composition, structure, thermal and rheological characteristics of thermoplastic PEUs with PEU solutions widely used for the production of fibrous-porous materials and coatings of Sanpren LQ-E-6 and Vitur R 0112 grades demonstrates their practicability as production materials and coatings having a predetermined structure and a set of properties depending on the requirements and operating conditions of finished products.Цели. Изучить структуру и свойства растворов термопластичных полиэфируретанов (ПЭУ) для прогнозирования возможности их применения в производстве волокнисто-пористых полимерных композиционных материалов и покрытий с заданной структурой и комплексом эксплуатационных свойств, зависящими от области практического применения.Методы. Состав ПЭУ изучали методом инфракрасной (ИК) спектроскопии с преобразованием Фурье в сочетании с методом многократного нарушенного полного внутреннего отражения и методом дифференциально-сканирующей калориметрии (ДСК) с использованием калориметра теплового потока. Вязкость растворов ПЭУ определяли на ротационном вискозиметре.Результаты. Изучен химический состав ПЭУ и характер образования водородных связей. Анализ ИК спектров демонстрирует практически полную идентичность ПЭУ, синтезированных на основе одного и того же 4.4′-дифенилметандиизоцианата. В исследуемых ПЭУ марок Витур и Desmopan®, а также Санпрен, можно увидеть, что в области от 1702 до 1730 см−1 присутствуют явно выраженные полосы поглощения, характерные для уретановых группировок, задействованных в образовании водородных связей. Методом ДСК определены температурные переходы и термостойкость исследуемых ПЭУ. Показано влияние соотношения жестких и гибких блоков, а также характер водородных связей на температуры плавления полимеров. При анализе кривых ДСК, показано, что все исследуемые ПЭУ обладают высокими температурами плавления, находящимися в диапазоне от 159 до 215 °С. Также исследованы температурные зависимости структурной вязкости растворов термопластичных ПЭУ. Установлено, что все растворы имеют минимальную аномалию вязкости, при этом величина логарифма вязкости зависит от химического состава и структуры исходных ПЭУ. Установлено, что аномалия вязкости растворов ПЭУ может быть снижена при повышении температуры.Выводы. Исследование химического состава, структуры, термических и реологических характеристик термопластичных ПЭУ с позиции их сравнения и сопоставления с широко применяемыми для производства волокнисто-пористых материалов и покрытий растворов ПЭУ марок Санпрен LQ-E-6 и Витур Р 0112 позволяет прогнозировать возможность их использования для производства материалов и покрытий с заранее заданной структурой и комплексом свойств в зависимости от требований и условий эксплуатации готовых изделий

Translation of Galuzo, I. G., N. I. Sevast\u27yanova, M. N. Mel\u27nikh, A. E. Grigorashenko, U. D. Vustina, A. M. Krivkova, L. S. Bogdanyuk, and M. E. Bokova. 1970. Serologicheskaya kharakteristika shtammov toksoplazm, vydelennykh ot razlichnykh vidov zhivotnykh [= Serologic characterization of strains of \u3ci\u3eToxoplasma\u3c/i\u3e isolated from various species of animals]. \u3ci\u3eVoprosy Prirodnoi Ochagovosti Boleznei\u3c/i\u3e [= \u3ci\u3eContributions on the Natural Nidality of Disease\u3c/i\u3e], Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, USSR 3: 37-48

Translation number 28, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States (9 pages) Translation of Galuzo, I. G., N. I. Sevast\u27yanova, M. N. Mel\u27nikh, A. E. Grigorashenko, U. D. Vustina, A. M. Krivkova, L. S. Bogdanyuk, and M. E. Bokova. 1970. Serologicheskaya kharakteristika shtammov toksoplazm, vydelennykh ot razlichnykh vidov zhivotnykh [= Serologic characterization of strains of Toxoplasma isolated from various species of animals]. Voprosy Prirodnoi Ochagovosti Boleznei [= Contributions on the Natural Nidality of Disease], Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, USSR 3: 37-48 Translated from Russian to English by Frederick K. Plous, Jr., and edited by Norman D. Levin

Модельные системы in vivo для исследований в онкологии

Cancers are one of the leading causes of mortality in the world. Cellular and physiological mechanisms of cancer development remain not well defined. In vivo models are an attractive  approach for understanding of cancer origin and progression. This review presents current state of experimental in vivo systems including syngeneic models, patient-derived xenografts (PDX), cell line-derived xenografts (CDX) and various animals – humanized and genetically engineered models (GEM). These models provide opportunities for developing patients’ avatars, lifetime visualization of tumor migration and invasion at the organism level, and the evaluation of new therapeutic  methods aimed at primary tumors, metastases, and cancer prevention. We also discuss the problems of choosing the optimal model and potential solutions for their overcoming.На сегодняшний день онкологические заболевания являются одной из основных причин смертности населения. в понимании клеточных и физиологических процессов канцерогенеза и опухолевой прогрессии остаются существенные пробелы, заполнение которых возможно посредством использования моделей in vivo. в данном обзоре представлено современное состояние экспериментальных систем in vivo, включая сингенные модели, ксенотрансплантаты от клеток опухоли пациентов (patient-derived  xenograft, PDX), модели ксенографтов с использованием клеточных культур (cell line derived xenograft, CDX) и различные типы животных – гуманизированные и генно-инженерные (genetically engineered models, GEM). Рассматриваются возможности, которые открывают животные модели: создание аватара пациента, прижизненная визуализация опухолевой миграции и инвазии на организменном уровне и оценка новых терапевтических подходов, нацеленных на первичную опухоль, метастазы и профилактику онкологических заболеваний. Обсуждаются проблемы, с которыми сталкивается исследователь при выборе оптимальной модели, предлагаются возможные пути их решения

Генетические особенности опухолей невыявленной первичной локализации

Background. Cancer of unknown primary (CUP) is a metastatic lesion with diffcult identifcation of the primary tumor site using standard diagnostic approaches. Although the incidence of CUP is not high, this type of cancer often shows a high aggressiveness and therapy resistance and results in poor patient survival. The mechanisms of CUP origin are not clear, and further studies are needed.This study aims to analyze the mutational landscape of CUP and identify specifc genetic alterations.Material and Methods. Whole exome sequencing was used to analyze the mutational landscape of CUP. Results. CUP had single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in the EPHA8 (ephrin receptor) gene. CUP also harbored copy number variations (CNAs) in the ID2, FOXD4, ZMYND11, ZNF596, KIDINS220, LRRN1, GEMIN4, CEP72, TPPP, and MXRA5 genes. According to functional enrichment analysis, these genes are involved in the regulation of transcription, biogenesis of microRNA, cellular cytoskeleton, adhesion, extracellular matrix remodeling, proliferation, apoptosis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition.Conclusion. Cancer of unknown primary harbors mutations in the genes that regulate different biological processes particularly cell motility. Введение. Опухоли невыявленной первичной локализации (ОНПЛ) представляют собой метастатические очаги, для которых стандартное диагностическое исследование не позволяет определить первичный опухолевый очаг на момент постановки диагноза. Частота выявления ОНПЛ невысокая, однако данное заболевание характеризуется агрессивностью течения, низкой эффективностью лечения и плохой выживаемостью. Поэтому понимание биологии и механизмов формирования этих злокачественных новообразований является важной задачей.Цель исследования ‒ идентификация генетических нарушений, характерных для ОНПЛ.Материал и методы. В исследовании использовалось полноэкзомное секвенирование образцов ОНПЛ.Результаты. В ОНПЛ обнаружены однонуклеотидные изменения в гене эфринового рецептора EPHA8. Помимо этого, для ОНПЛ были характерны аберрации числа копий ДНК в хромосомных регионах, содержащих гены ID2, FOXD4, ZMYND11, ZNF596, KIDINS220, LRRN1, GEMIN4, CEP72, TPPP и MXRA5. Функциональное аннотирование вышеуказанных генов показало их вовлеченность в транскрипцию, биогенез микроРНК, клеточный цитоскелет, адгезию, ремоделирование внеклеточного матрикса, пролиферацию, апоптоз и эпителиально-мезенхимальный переход.Заключение. Для ОНПЛ характерны нарушения генов, вовлеченных в регуляцию различных биологических процессов, главным образом клеточной миграции.

Global fine-resolution data on springtail abundance and community structure

Springtails (Collembola) inhabit soils from the Arctic to the Antarctic and comprise an estimated ~32% of all terrestrial arthropods on Earth. Here, we present a global, spatially-explicit database on springtail communities that includes 249,912 occurrences from 44,999 samples and 2,990 sites. These data are mainly raw sample-level records at the species level collected predominantly from private archives of the authors that were quality-controlled and taxonomically-standardised. Despite covering all continents, most of the sample-level data come from the European continent (82.5% of all samples) and represent four habitats: woodlands (57.4%), grasslands (14.0%), agrosystems (13.7%) and scrublands (9.0%). We included sampling by soil layers, and across seasons and years, representing temporal and spatial within-site variation in springtail communities. We also provided data use and sharing guidelines and R code to facilitate the use of the database by other researchers. This data paper describes a static version of the database at the publication date, but the database will be further expanded to include underrepresented regions and linked with trait data.</p

Modyfikacja roztworów poliuretanowych za pomocą mocnego depozytora do produkcji włókien metodą elektroprzędzenia

The article is devoted to fundamental and applied research in the field of the processing of polymer solutions. The purpose of this work was to identify the possibility of using modified solutions of polyurethanes for processing by electrospinning, and also to study the impact of the composition of the moulding solution on the structure and properties of fibrous materials. Nonwoven materials were obtained by electrospinning fibers from PUR solutions using NanospiderTM technology. The transfer of solutions into a metastable state, both inthe case of film systems and fibers, leads to a change in the structure of the material: porosity and fiber diameter.W artykule skupiono się na podstawowych badaniach z zakresu przetwarzania roztworów polimerowych. Celem pracy było określenie możliwości zastosowania zmodyfikowanych roztworów poliuretanów do przetwarzania metodą elektroprzędzenia, a także zbadanie wpływu składu roztworu do formowania na strukturę i właściwości materiałów włóknistych. Włókniny otrzymano przez elektroprzędzenie włókien z roztworów PUR z wykorzystaniem technologii NanospiderTM. Przeniesienie roztworów do stanu metastabilnego, zarówno w przypadku systemów foliowych, jak i włókien, prowadzilo do zmiany struktury materiału: porowatości i średnicy włókna