Prostorne i vremenske promjene brojnosti i biomase oligotrihnih ciliata u Kaštelanskom zaljevu (srednji Jadran)

The nonloricate ciliate (NLC) community was investigated in Kaštela Bay from January 1998 until November 1999. Samples were collected at four sites characterized by different trophic states. Cell abundance, carbon content, and size categories of the oligotrich ciliates were investigated. NLC abundance was highest in spring with average values of 400-608 ind.l-1. Abundance during the second highest period, autumn-winter, was less pronounced. In the eutrophicated part of the bay, conditions were most favorable for NLC proliferation in summer, with the highest average density (1430±1348 ind.l-1) in August 1998. The size structure of the NLC populations changed with the trophic gradient. Organisms of <104 μm3 were useful in distinguishing trophic conditions in the marine ecosystem. Eutrophication favored growth of organisms of <104 μm3 while the succession of NLC categories changed without a clear seasonal pattern. Eutrophication also increased NLC biomass and affected seasonal fluctuations of biomass values. Average monthly biomass values ranged from 0.012±0.014 to 3.925±5.094 μgC l-1. The high abundance and biomass in Kaštela Bay suggest that NLC play a critical role in the secondary production of the area.Zajednica nelorikatnih ciliata (NLC) je istraživana u Kaštelanskom zaljevu od siječnja 1998. do studenog 1999. godine. Uzorci su sakupljeni na četiri postaje različitog trofičkog stanja. Istraživana je brojnost, sadržaj ugljika i veličinske kategorije oligotrihnih cilijata. Najviša je brojnost NLC zabilježena u proljeće s prosječnim vrijednostima od 400 do 608 jed.l-1, dok je drugi godišnji maksimum, u jesensko-zimskom razdoblju, slabijeg intenziteta. U eutrofiziranom su dijelu Kaštelanskog zaljeva povoljni uvjeti za razmnožavanje NLC zabilježeni u ljetnom razdoblju s najvišom prosječnom gustoćom od 1430±1348 jed.l-1 (kolovoz 1998.). Veličinska se struktura populacija ovih organizama mijenjala i duž trofičkog gradijenta. Organizmi biovolumena manjeg od 104 μm3 su korisni za razlikovanje trofičkih uvjeta u morskom ekosustavu. Eutrofikacija povoljno djeluje na zastupljenost ove veličinske kategorije organizama, a sezonska sukcesija veličinskih kategorija NLC postaje nepravilna. Osim toga eutrofikacija utječe i na povećanje biomase NLC, te na njene sezonske promjene. Pro-sječne su vrijednosti biomase na istraživanim postajama kolebale u granicama od 0.012±0.014 do 3.925±5.094 μgC l-1. Visoke vrijednosti brojnosti i biomase NLC u Kaštelanskom zaljevu ukazuju na iznimnu važnost ovih organizama u sekundarnoj proizvodnji ovog područja

Sastav i raspodjela planktonskih ljuskara (Crustacea, Ostracoda) u Jadranskom moru - povijesna perspektiva

This study provides the first comprehensive results on species composition, seasonal and horizontal distribution of the planktonic ostracod community in the open waters of the whole Adriatic Sea. Samples were collected during the “Andrija Mohorovičić” oceanographic expedition (1974-1976) in all four seasons at 35 stations located along eight latitudinal transects in the northern, central and southern part of the Adriatic Sea. Fifteen ostracod species and two subspecies belonging to the family Halocyprididae were identified. The dominant species were Archiconchoecia striata, Porroecia spinirostris and Proceroecia macroprocera. Additionally, Paraconchoecia oblonga was recorded for the first time in the Adriatic Sea. The highest abundance and diversity of planktonic ostracods were found in the deep South Adriatic. Conversely, ostracods were scarce in the shallow North Adriatic area. As the transitional zone between these two regions, the Central Adriatic was characterized by high ostracod diversity, but a short period of dominance in the zooplankton assemblage. The horizontal distribution of planktonic ostracods in the Adriatic Sea could be linked to periodical ingressions of Eastern Mediterranean water masses and gyre currents, especially in the Central and the South Adriatic.Rad donosi prve sveobuhvatne rezultate o taksonomskom sastavu vrsta, sezonskoj i horizontalnoj raspodjeli zajednice planktonskih ljuskara u otvorenim vodama cijelog Jadranskog mora. Uzorci su prikupljeni tijekom oceanografske ekspedicije “Andrija Mohorovičić” (1974.-1976.) tijekom četiri godišnja doba na 35 postaja, raspoređenih u osam poprečnih transekata na sjevernom, srednjem i južnom dijelu Jadranskog mora. Taksonomski je određeno petnaest vrsta i dvije podvrste planktonskih ljuskara iz porodice Halocyprididae. Dominantne su vrste bile: Archiconchoecia striata, Porroecia spinirostris i Proceroecia macroprocera. Pored toga, vrsta Paraconchoecia oblonga je po prvi put zabilježena u Jadranskom moru. Najveća abundancija i bio-raznolikost ljuskara je zabilježena u dubokom južnom Jadranu, dok su bili rijetki u plitkom području sjevernog Jadrana. Kao prijelaznu zonu između ova dva područja, srednji Jadran karakterizira velika bio-raznolikost i kratkotrajna dominacija planktonskih ljuskara u zooplanktonskoj zajednici. Njihova horizontalna raspodjela u Jadranskom moru može se povezati s periodičnom ingresijom istočno-mediteranske vode i vrtložnim strujanjima, posebice u područjima srednjeg i južnog Jadrana

Nalazi meduze Aequorea cf. forskalea u Jadranskom moru: usporedba povijesnih i recentnih podataka

Jellyfish are becoming an increasingly important component of studies of the global marine environment, as their frequent mass phenomena affect ecosystem performance and have economic and health consequences. Recent research has focused primarily on mass occurrences of scyphozoans and ctenophores, while less attention has been paid to hydromedusae blooms, which can also have significant impacts on the marine ecosystem with economic consequences. Like many members of the Scyphozoa and Ctenophora, Aequorea species can be numerous and form blooms. Based on surveys from 2000 to 2020 and information provided by marine professionals, we examine the (multiannual) variability, seasonality, and spatial distribution patterns of the poorly studied temperate species Aequorea cf. forskalea (Hydrozoa: Leptothecata). We hypothesized that this macrogelatinous jellyfish with a bipartite life cycle (benthic polyps and planktonic medusae) is sensitive to seasonal and long-term temperature fluctuations, particularly because temperature has been shown to play a critical role in mediating transitions in the life cycle of cnidarians. The cold-water affinity of A. cf. forskalea was confirmed by a significant negative correlation with temperature and the most frequent occurrence during the winter-spring period. For the northern Adriatic (Gulf of Trieste), sea temperature data and semi-quantitative plankton data are available for the first decade of the 20th century, allowing comparison of the historical data (1900-1911) with our current data set. Compared to historical records, the current occurrence of A. cf. forskalea differs significantly. With the warming of the northern Adriatic Sea since the beginning of the 20th century, the current phenology of A. cf. forskalea has changed, probably related to the delayed production of medusae by hydroids in autumn, the absence of medusae in this season and their less frequent occurrence in winter.Meduze postaju sve važnija komponenta globalnog proučavanja morskog okoliša, budući da njihove česte masovne pojave utječu na održanje ekosustava, a imaju ekonomske i zdravstvene posljedice. Najnovija su istraživanja usmjerena prvenstveno na masovnu pojavu režnjaka (Scyphozoa) i rebraša (Ctenophora), dok se manje pažnje posvećuje masovnim pojavama hidromeduza, koje također mogu imati veliki utjecaj na morski ekosustav sa značajnim ekonomskim posljedicama. Poput mnogih pripadnika Scyphozoa i Ctenophora, vrste roda Aequorea se mogu javljati u visokim brojnostima te njihovu pojavu možemo opisati kao masovnu („bloom“). Na temelju podataka prikupljenih tijekom istraživanja Jadrana u razdoblju od 2000. do 2020. godine te informacija dobivenih od stručnjaka koji se bave istraživanjem mora, razmatrali smo višegodišnju i sezonsku varijabilnost kao i obrasce prostorne raspodjele slabo proučavane vrste Aequorea cf. forskalea (Hydrozoa: Leptothecata) koja nastanjuje umjerena klimatska područja. Pretpostavili smo da je ova makro-želatinozna meduza, s bipartitnim životnim ciklusom (bentoski polipi i planktonske meduze), osjetljiva na sezonske i dugoročne promjene temperaturne, budući da temperatura igra ključnu ulogu za izmjenu generacija u životnom ciklusu žarnjaka (Cnidaria). Afinitet A. cf. forskalea prema hladnoj morskoj vodi potvrđuje značajna negativna korelacija s temperaturom te učestalo pojavljivanje tijekom zimsko-proljetnog razdoblja. Podaci o temperaturi mora i abundancijama vrste su dostupni za sjeverni Jadran (Tršćanski zaljev) za prvo desetljeće 20. stoljeća, što je omogućilo usporedbu povijesnih podataka (1900.-1911.) s novim setom podataka. U usporedbi s povijesnim zapisima, recentna se pojava A. cf. forskalea značajno razlikuje. Sa zatopljenjem sjevernog dijela Jadranskog mora od početka 20. stoljeća se mijenja sadašnja fenologija vrste A. cf. forskalea, što je vjerojatno povezano sa zakašnjelom proizvodnjom meduza u jesen, izostankom tijekom jeseni i njihovom rjeđom pojavom tijekom zime

Klimatski skokovi i više-dekadna promjenjivost pelagičkog ekosustava Jadrana

In recent highly variable climate, a combined effect of a large-scale northern hemisphere climate and regional-scale Adriatic hydroclimate changes significantly reflected in the Adriatic Sea ecosystem. To clarify this statement we set up in connection two inter-annual systems: the air-sea interconnected system and pelagic ecosystems for the period 1961 to 2010. Within this period, significant changes occurred through 1987-1998 period, characterized by a drop of temperature, salinity and oxygen concentration in the middle Adriatic intermediate layer as consequence of a weaker ventilation of the Adriatic Sea. The pelagic ecosystem reacted to these changes. Large fluctuations in marine biota (from plankton to pelagic fish) revealed significantly different regimes before and after the late eighties. Different patterns observed through analyzed biotic parameters seem linked to modification in thermohaline circulation related to the Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT), whose effects prevented warmer and saltier water mass intrusions into the Adriatic Sea. These results provide evidence on connections between the shifts in the middle Adriatic pelagic ecosystem and the northern hemisphere climate via changes in regional atmospheric conditions, and highlight the importance of northern hemisphere climate changes for physical and biological regimes of the Adriatic SeaU vrijeme sve izrazitije promjene klime ekosustav Jadranskog mora pod značajnim je utjecajem atmosferskih promjena koje se događaju na sjevernoj hemisferi te na regionalnoj skali Jadrana. U svrhu objašnjenja međuovisnosti ekosustava Jadrana i atmosferskih procesa na različitim prostornim skalama (od hemisferske do regionalne) analizirana je višegodišnja (1961.-2010.) promjen- jivost sustava atmosfera-more i pelagičkog ekosustava. Unutar promatranog vremenskog razdoblja najznačajnija promjena dogodila se između 1987. i 1998. u intermedijalnom sloju srednjeg Jadrana i bila je obilježena padom temperature mora i saliniteta te kisika kao posljedica slabijeg ventiliranja Jadrana. Istovremeno su u ekosustavu pelagijala Jadranskog mora primijećene velike fluktuacije u biomasi morskih organizama (od fitoplanktona do plave ribe). Izdvojena su signifikantno različita stanja ekosustava Jadrana prije i poslije kasnih osamdesetih godina prošlog stoljeća. Uzrok ovim različitim stanjima ekosustava dijelom se može povezati sa modificiranom termohalinom cirkulacijom Jadrana koja je pod utjecajem EMT (Eastern Mediterranean Transient) sprječavala ulazak toplije i slanije vode u Jadransko more, uzrokujući na taj način uočene promjene u ekosustavu. Ovi rezultati dokazuju povezanost između skokova u pelagičkom ekosustavu na području srednjeg Jadrana i klime na sjevernoj hemisferi putem promjena u regionalnim vremenskim uvjetima te ističu važnost utjecaja klimatskih promjena i skokova na fizikalna i biološka stanja Jadranskog mora

Klimatski skokovi i više-dekadna promjenjivost pelagičkog ekosustava Jadrana

In recent highly variable climate, a combined effect of a large-scale northern hemisphere climate and regional-scale Adriatic hydroclimate changes significantly reflected in the Adriatic Sea ecosystem. To clarify this statement we set up in connection two inter-annual systems: the air-sea interconnected system and pelagic ecosystems for the period 1961 to 2010. Within this period, significant changes occurred through 1987-1998 period, characterized by a drop of temperature, salinity and oxygen concentration in the middle Adriatic intermediate layer as consequence of a weaker ventilation of the Adriatic Sea. The pelagic ecosystem reacted to these changes. Large fluctuations in marine biota (from plankton to pelagic fish) revealed significantly different regimes before and after the late eighties. Different patterns observed through analyzed biotic parameters seem linked to modification in thermohaline circulation related to the Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT), whose effects prevented warmer and saltier water mass intrusions into the Adriatic Sea. These results provide evidence on connections between the shifts in the middle Adriatic pelagic ecosystem and the northern hemisphere climate via changes in regional atmospheric conditions, and highlight the importance of northern hemisphere climate changes for physical and biological regimes of the Adriatic SeaU vrijeme sve izrazitije promjene klime ekosustav Jadranskog mora pod značajnim je utjecajem atmosferskih promjena koje se događaju na sjevernoj hemisferi te na regionalnoj skali Jadrana. U svrhu objašnjenja međuovisnosti ekosustava Jadrana i atmosferskih procesa na različitim prostornim skalama (od hemisferske do regionalne) analizirana je višegodišnja (1961.-2010.) promjen- jivost sustava atmosfera-more i pelagičkog ekosustava. Unutar promatranog vremenskog razdoblja najznačajnija promjena dogodila se između 1987. i 1998. u intermedijalnom sloju srednjeg Jadrana i bila je obilježena padom temperature mora i saliniteta te kisika kao posljedica slabijeg ventiliranja Jadrana. Istovremeno su u ekosustavu pelagijala Jadranskog mora primijećene velike fluktuacije u biomasi morskih organizama (od fitoplanktona do plave ribe). Izdvojena su signifikantno različita stanja ekosustava Jadrana prije i poslije kasnih osamdesetih godina prošlog stoljeća. Uzrok ovim različitim stanjima ekosustava dijelom se može povezati sa modificiranom termohalinom cirkulacijom Jadrana koja je pod utjecajem EMT (Eastern Mediterranean Transient) sprječavala ulazak toplije i slanije vode u Jadransko more, uzrokujući na taj način uočene promjene u ekosustavu. Ovi rezultati dokazuju povezanost između skokova u pelagičkom ekosustavu na području srednjeg Jadrana i klime na sjevernoj hemisferi putem promjena u regionalnim vremenskim uvjetima te ističu važnost utjecaja klimatskih promjena i skokova na fizikalna i biološka stanja Jadranskog mora

Struktura populacije i brojnost zooplanktona u estuariju rijeke Krke u proljeće 2006-e godine

The zooplankton assemblage was investigated in April 2006 at 9 stations along, and in front of, the highly stratified salt-wedge Krka river estuary, using 53- and 125-μm mesh Nansen nets. Tintinnids, copepods and their developmental stages and mollusc larvae dominated the zooplankton community, with 28 tintinnid and 41 copepod taxa recorded in the investigated area. Both tintinnid and copepod communities showed a general decrease in abundance and increase in species number from the head to the mouth of estuary, with a clear dominance of estuarine-neritic species. The most abundant tintinnids were Tintinnopsis campanula and Favella ehrenbergii. Small cyclopoid copepod Oithona nana dominated in the upper reaches, presumably feeding opportunistically on abundant organic matter accumulated at the permanent halocline. The contribution of calanoids intensified towards marine stations, except in the eutrophicated Šibenik harbour area in the middle reaches, where cyclopoid Oithona nana again proliferated. An assessment of the sampling performances of the 53- and 125-μm nets and data on zooplankton population structure indicated that the 125-μm mesh size plankton net in combination with Niskin bottles would give the optimal insight into the ecology of all zooplankton components in future investigations of this and similar highly stratified estuaries.Zooplanktonska zajednica je istraživana u travnju 2006. na devet postaja duž i ispred visokostratificiranog estuarija rijeke Krke, uporabom dviju planktonskih mreža Nansen tipa, opremljenih svilama finoće tkanja 53- i 125-μm. Tintinidi, kopepodni rakovi i njihovi razvojni stadiji te ličinke mekušaca su dominirale u zooplanktonu, a zabilježeno je 28 vrsta tintinida i 41 vrsta kopepoda. Kod tintinida i kopepoda zamijećen je pad brojnosti i porast broja vrsta prema ušću estuarija, uz izraženu dominaciju estuarsko-neritičkih vrsta. Najbrojniji tintinidi su bili Tintinnopsis campanula i Favella ehrenbergii. Mali ciklopoidni kopepod Oithona nana dominirao je u gornjem dijelu estuarija, vjerovatno se hraneći organskom tvari nakupljenoj na permanentnoj haloklini. Udio kalanoidnih kopepoda se povećavao prema postajama iza ušća, s iznimkom eutrofiziranog područja šibenske luke na kojem su ponovo zabilježene visoke brojnosti ciklopoida Oithona nana. Usporedba brojčanih podataka iz korištenih planktonskih mreža i sastav populacije zooplanktona ukazuju da bi kombinacija 125-μm planktonske mreže i Niskin crpca dala optimalne podatke o ekologiji zooplanktonske zajednice tijekom budućih istraživanja ovog i sličnih visokostratificiranih estuarija

Utjecaj čimbenika okoliša na varijabilnost zooplanktona u priobalju istočnog Jadrana (Sredozemno more)

The objectives of this paper were to determine the main environmental drivers of zooplankton variability in coastal waters adjacent to urban areas and to evaluate the differences in zooplankton abundance and population structure in relation to chemical and biological parameters in the water column. Samples were collected seasonally from May 2006 to January 2009 at 8 sampling sites in the bays and channels along the eastern Adriatic coast. Zooplankton population structure showed high similarity within the investigated region, especially evident in the homogeneity of copepod community composition, where relative importance of the individual species showed characteristic high ranking of small and medium-sized taxa. Zooplankton numerical variability primarily responded to seasonal variation in water temperature and spatial variation in salinity, but spatial distribution of the collected data showed that abundances were also linked to chemical and biological parameters generally used as descriptors of water quality. This indicates that zooplankton community size reflects the trophic status of an area and supports the use of zooplankton studies as an auxiliary method in the evaluation of the trophic state of coastal waters.Ciljevi ovog rada su bili utvrditi glavne ekološke pokretače varijabilnosti zooplanktona u obalnim vodama u blizini urbanih područja, te procijeniti razlike u brojnosti i strukturi zooplanktonske zajednice u odnosu na kemijske i biološke čimbenike vodenog stupca. Uzorci zooplanktona su sakupljani sezonski od svibnja 2006. do siječnja 2009. godine, na 8 postaja u zaljevima i kanalima duž istočne obale Jadrana. Struktura populacija zooplanktonske zajednice pokazala je visoku sličnost unutar čitavog istraživanog područja, što je posebno vidljivo u homogenosti sastava kopepodne zajednice, gdje je relativna važnost pojedinih vrsta svuda ukazala na karakteristično visoki udio malih i srednjih taksona. Numerička varijabilnost zooplanktona prvenstveno je bila povezana sa sezonskim varijacijama temperature i prostornim varijacijama slanosti, ali je prostorna raspodjela prikupljenih podataka pokazala da je također povezana s kemijskim i biološkim parametrima kojima se opisuje kvaliteta vode. To ukazuje da je brojnost zooplanktona povezana s trofičkim stanjem područja i ide u prilog istraživanju zooplanktona kao pomoćnog parametra u procjeni trofičkog stanja obalnih voda

Non-indigenous species refined national baseline inventories : A synthesis in the context of the European Union's Marine Strategy Framework Directive

Refined baseline inventories of non-indigenous species (NIS) are set per European Union Member State (MS), in the context of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). The inventories are based on the initial assessment of the MSFD (2012) and the updated data of the European Alien Species Information Network, in collaboration with NIS experts appointed by the MSs. The analysis revealed that a large number of NIS was not reported from the initial assessments. Moreover, several NIS initially listed are currently considered as native in Europe or were proven to be historical misreportings. The refined baseline inventories constitute a milestone for the MSFD Descriptor 2 implementation, providing an improved basis for reporting new NIS introductions, facilitating the MSFD D2 assessment. In addition, the inventories can help MSs in the establishment of monitoring systems of targeted NIS, and foster cooperation on monitoring of NIS across or within shared marine subregions. Highlights • Refined MSFD baseline inventories of non-indigenous species (NIS) are set in EU. • The inventories are given per EU Member State (MS) and MSFD subregion up to 2012. • The NIS lists provide a basis for reporting new NIS introductions in EU after 2012. • Our work constitutes a milestone for the MSFD Descriptor 2 implementation

Non-indigenous species refined national baseline inventories: A synthesis in the context of the European Union's Marine Strategy Framework Directive

Refined baseline inventories of non-indigenous species (NIS) are set per European Union Member State (MS), in the context of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). The inventories are based on the initial assessment of the MSFD (2012) and the updated data of the European Alien Species Information Network, in collaboration with NIS experts appointed by the MSs. The analysis revealed that a large number of NIS was not reported from the initial assessments. Moreover, several NIS initially listed are currently considered as native in Europe or were proven to be historical misreportings. The refined baseline inventories constitute a milestone for the MSFD Descriptor 2 implementation, providing an improved basis for reporting new NIS introductions, facilitating the MSFD D2 assessment. In addition, the inventories can help MSs in the establishment of monitoring systems of targeted NIS, and foster cooperation on monitoring of NIS across or within shared marine subregions.Henn Ojaveer and Maiju Lehtiniemi wish to acknowledge the project COMPLETE (Completing management options in the Baltic Sea region to reduce risk of invasive species introduction by shipping), co-financed by the European Union's funding Programme Interreg Baltic Sea Region (European Regional Development Fund). João Canning-Clode was supported by a starting grant in the framework of the 2014 FCT Investigator Programme (IF/01606/2014/CP1230/CT0001) and wish to acknowledge the support of Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), through the strategic project UID/MAR/04292/2019 granted to MARE