Uncovering the genomic basis of an extraordinary plant invasion

Invasive species are a key driver of the global biodiversity crisis, but the drivers of invasiveness, including the role of pathogens, remain debated. We investigated the genomic basis of invasiveness in Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed), introduced to Europe in the late 19th century, by resequencing 655 ragweed genomes, including 308 herbarium specimens collected up to 190 years ago. In invasive European populations, we found selection signatures in defense genes and lower prevalence of disease-inducing plant pathogens. Together with temporal changes in population structure associated with introgression from closely related Ambrosia species, escape from specific microbial enemies likely favored the plant's remarkable success as an invasive species.Peer reviewe

Higher Education in Poland: Budgetary Constraints and International Aspirations

International audienceThe case of Central and Eastern European Countries – especially Poland – invites us to reconsider the temporal and political aspects of the reconfiguration of Higher Education with regard to austerity measures. The financial crisis of 2007/2008 cannot be viewed as the main trigger of this sector’s redesign, for two main reasons. First, the Polish economy has not been hit by this economic turmoil as hard as some West European countries. Secondly, the structural austerity measures which have affected the country’s public sector followed the 1989 fall of the Communist regime and the ‘shock therapy’ implemented by the first democratic governments. These neo-liberal policy measures set up in the beginning of the 1990s have led to a far-reaching privatisation of Higher Education. Still, 2007 appears as a caesura, as the new liberal government undertook several important measures to reform the Higher Education systems in the name of competitiveness, diversification and excellence

Correction to Direct Bis-Arylation of Cyclobutanecarboxamide via Double C–H Activation: An Auxiliary-Aided Diastereoselective Pd-Catalyzed Access to Trisubstituted Cyclobutane Scaffolds Having Three Contiguous Stereocenters and an All-<i>cis</i> Stereochemistry

Correction to Direct Bis-Arylation of Cyclobutanecarboxamide via Double C–H Activation: An Auxiliary-Aided Diastereoselective Pd-Catalyzed Access to Trisubstituted Cyclobutane Scaffolds Having Three Contiguous Stereocenters and an All-<i>cis</i> Stereochemistr

Direct Bis-Arylation of Cyclobutanecarboxamide via Double C–H Activation: An Auxiliary-Aided Diastereoselective Pd-Catalyzed Access to Trisubstituted Cyclobutane Scaffolds Having Three Contiguous Stereocenters and an All-<i>cis</i> Stereochemistry

An auxiliary-aided Pd-catalyzed highly diastereoselective double C–H activation and direct bis-arylation of methylene C­(sp³)–H bonds of cyclo­butane­carbox­amides and the syntheses of several novel trisubstituted cyclo­butane­carbox­amide scaffolds having an all-<i>cis</i> stereochemistry are reported. Extensive screening of various auxiliaries and reaction conditions was performed to firmly establish the optimized reaction conditions required for effecting the mono- or double C–H arylation of cyclo­butane­carbox­amides. The auxiliary-attached cyclo­butane­carbox­amides <b>15a</b>, <b>15g</b>, and <b>15h</b>, prepared from the auxiliaries such as, 8-aminoquinoline, 2-(methylthio)­aniline, and <i>N</i>′,<i>N</i>′-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine were found to undergo an efficient direct bis-arylation. The Pd-catalyzed arylation reaction of <i>N</i>-(quinolin-8-yl)­cyclo­butane­carbox­amide <b>15a</b> with one equivalent or more of aryl iodides, afforded the corresponding bis-arylated cyclo­butane­carbox­amides <b>16a</b>–<b>y</b>. Nevertheless, the Pd-catalyzed arylation of <b>15a</b> with just 0.5 equiv of the aryl iodides <b>13a</b>, <b>13b</b>, <b>13e</b>, and <b>13m</b>, selectively gave the corresponding monoarylated cyclo­butane­carbox­amides <b>17a</b>–<b>17d</b>. The Pd-catalyzed arylation of <b>15g</b> or <b>15h</b> with one equivalent or more of aryl iodides afforded the bis-arylated cyclo­butane­carbox­amides <b>19a</b>–<b>19c</b> and <b>21a</b>–<b>21m</b>, respectively. However, the Pd-catalyzed arylations of compounds <b>15g</b> or <b>15h</b> with just 0.5 equiv of aryl iodides were ineffective. The stereochemistry of compounds obtained in this work was unambiguously assigned from the X-ray structures of representative products

Auxiliary-Enabled Pd-Catalyzed Direct Arylation of Methylene C(sp³)–H Bond of Cyclopropanes: Highly Diastereoselective Assembling of Di- and Trisubstituted Cyclopropanecarboxamides

An auxiliary-enabled and Pd(OAc)₂-catalyzed direct arylation of C(sp³)–H bonds of cyclopropanes and production of di- and trisubstituted cyclopropanecarboxamides having contiguous stereocenters are reported. The installation of aryl groups on cyclopropanecarboxamides led to the assembling of novel mono- and di- aryl-<i>N</i>-(quinolin-8-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide scaffolds and mono- and di- aryl-<i>N</i>-(2-(methylthio)phenyl)cyclopropanecarboxamides. The stereochemistry of products was unequivocally assigned from the X-ray structures of key compounds

Direct Bis-Arylation of Cyclobutanecarboxamide via Double C–H Activation: An Auxiliary-Aided Diastereoselective Pd-Catalyzed Access to Trisubstituted Cyclobutane Scaffolds Having Three Contiguous Stereocenters and an All-<i>cis</i> Stereochemistry

An auxiliary-aided Pd-catalyzed highly diastereoselective double C–H activation and direct bis-arylation of methylene C­(sp³)–H bonds of cyclo­butane­carbox­amides and the syntheses of several novel trisubstituted cyclo­butane­carbox­amide scaffolds having an all-<i>cis</i> stereochemistry are reported. Extensive screening of various auxiliaries and reaction conditions was performed to firmly establish the optimized reaction conditions required for effecting the mono- or double C–H arylation of cyclo­butane­carbox­amides. The auxiliary-attached cyclo­butane­carbox­amides <b>15a</b>, <b>15g</b>, and <b>15h</b>, prepared from the auxiliaries such as, 8-aminoquinoline, 2-(methylthio)­aniline, and <i>N</i>′,<i>N</i>′-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine were found to undergo an efficient direct bis-arylation. The Pd-catalyzed arylation reaction of <i>N</i>-(quinolin-8-yl)­cyclo­butane­carbox­amide <b>15a</b> with one equivalent or more of aryl iodides, afforded the corresponding bis-arylated cyclo­butane­carbox­amides <b>16a</b>–<b>y</b>. Nevertheless, the Pd-catalyzed arylation of <b>15a</b> with just 0.5 equiv of the aryl iodides <b>13a</b>, <b>13b</b>, <b>13e</b>, and <b>13m</b>, selectively gave the corresponding monoarylated cyclo­butane­carbox­amides <b>17a</b>–<b>17d</b>. The Pd-catalyzed arylation of <b>15g</b> or <b>15h</b> with one equivalent or more of aryl iodides afforded the bis-arylated cyclo­butane­carbox­amides <b>19a</b>–<b>19c</b> and <b>21a</b>–<b>21m</b>, respectively. However, the Pd-catalyzed arylations of compounds <b>15g</b> or <b>15h</b> with just 0.5 equiv of aryl iodides were ineffective. The stereochemistry of compounds obtained in this work was unambiguously assigned from the X-ray structures of representative products

Auxiliary-Enabled Pd-Catalyzed Direct Arylation of Methylene C(sp³)–H Bond of Cyclopropanes: Highly Diastereoselective Assembling of Di- and Trisubstituted Cyclopropanecarboxamides

An auxiliary-enabled and Pd(OAc)₂-catalyzed direct arylation of C(sp³)–H bonds of cyclopropanes and production of di- and trisubstituted cyclopropanecarboxamides having contiguous stereocenters are reported. The installation of aryl groups on cyclopropanecarboxamides led to the assembling of novel mono- and di- aryl-<i>N</i>-(quinolin-8-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide scaffolds and mono- and di- aryl-<i>N</i>-(2-(methylthio)phenyl)cyclopropanecarboxamides. The stereochemistry of products was unequivocally assigned from the X-ray structures of key compounds

Direct Bis-Arylation of Cyclobutanecarboxamide via Double C–H Activation: An Auxiliary-Aided Diastereoselective Pd-Catalyzed Access to Trisubstituted Cyclobutane Scaffolds Having Three Contiguous Stereocenters and an All-<i>cis</i> Stereochemistry

An auxiliary-aided Pd-catalyzed highly diastereoselective double C–H activation and direct bis-arylation of methylene C­(sp³)–H bonds of cyclo­butane­carbox­amides and the syntheses of several novel trisubstituted cyclo­butane­carbox­amide scaffolds having an all-<i>cis</i> stereochemistry are reported. Extensive screening of various auxiliaries and reaction conditions was performed to firmly establish the optimized reaction conditions required for effecting the mono- or double C–H arylation of cyclo­butane­carbox­amides. The auxiliary-attached cyclo­butane­carbox­amides <b>15a</b>, <b>15g</b>, and <b>15h</b>, prepared from the auxiliaries such as, 8-aminoquinoline, 2-(methylthio)­aniline, and <i>N</i>′,<i>N</i>′-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine were found to undergo an efficient direct bis-arylation. The Pd-catalyzed arylation reaction of <i>N</i>-(quinolin-8-yl)­cyclo­butane­carbox­amide <b>15a</b> with one equivalent or more of aryl iodides, afforded the corresponding bis-arylated cyclo­butane­carbox­amides <b>16a</b>–<b>y</b>. Nevertheless, the Pd-catalyzed arylation of <b>15a</b> with just 0.5 equiv of the aryl iodides <b>13a</b>, <b>13b</b>, <b>13e</b>, and <b>13m</b>, selectively gave the corresponding monoarylated cyclo­butane­carbox­amides <b>17a</b>–<b>17d</b>. The Pd-catalyzed arylation of <b>15g</b> or <b>15h</b> with one equivalent or more of aryl iodides afforded the bis-arylated cyclo­butane­carbox­amides <b>19a</b>–<b>19c</b> and <b>21a</b>–<b>21m</b>, respectively. However, the Pd-catalyzed arylations of compounds <b>15g</b> or <b>15h</b> with just 0.5 equiv of aryl iodides were ineffective. The stereochemistry of compounds obtained in this work was unambiguously assigned from the X-ray structures of representative products

Auxiliary-Enabled Pd-Catalyzed Direct Arylation of Methylene C(sp³)–H Bond of Cyclopropanes: Highly Diastereoselective Assembling of Di- and Trisubstituted Cyclopropanecarboxamides

An auxiliary-enabled and Pd(OAc)₂-catalyzed direct arylation of C(sp³)–H bonds of cyclopropanes and production of di- and trisubstituted cyclopropanecarboxamides having contiguous stereocenters are reported. The installation of aryl groups on cyclopropanecarboxamides led to the assembling of novel mono- and di- aryl-<i>N</i>-(quinolin-8-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide scaffolds and mono- and di- aryl-<i>N</i>-(2-(methylthio)phenyl)cyclopropanecarboxamides. The stereochemistry of products was unequivocally assigned from the X-ray structures of key compounds