Synthesis and optical characterization of novel heteroaromatic chromophores

Cilj ovog rada je sinteza i optička karakterizacija novih derivata benzimidazola koji u svojoj strukturi sadrže 1,2,3-triazolni prsten u svrhu određivanja njihove senzorske aktivnosti. Novi spojevi 2-[(4-nitro)benz-2-iliden)amino]benzimidazol (spoj 3), 2-[(4-amino)benz-2-iliden)amino]benzimidazol (spoj 5), 2-[(4-azido)benz-2-ilidene)amino]benzimidazole (spoj 6) i 2-{4-[(4-fenil)-1,2,3-triazol-1-il]benzilidenamino}benzimidazol (spoj 8) uspješno su sintetizirani reakcijama klasične i „click“ kemije, dok spoj 2-{4-[4-(4-aminofenil)-1,2,3-triazol-1-il]benzilidenamino}benzimidazol 7 nije uspješno izoliran zbog preniske koncentracije i prevelikog broja nusprodukata. Strukture spojeva 3, 5 i 8 potvrđene 1H-NMR spektroskopijom. Detaljna karakterizacija fotofizičkih i kiselo-baznih svojstava u svrhu ispitivanja potencijalne primjene u optičkim kemijskim senzorima je provedena za spoj 3 i 8. Spoj 3 je okarakteriziran UV-vidljivom i fluorescencijskom spektrofotometrijom u otapalima različite polarnosti, univerzalnim puferima u rasponu vrijednosti pH od 1 do 13 te u prisustvu različitih metalnih iona. Također su provedena spektrofotometrijska ispitivanja spoja 8 u univerzalnim puferima pri graničnim vrijednostima pH te u prisustvu Zn2+, Ag+ i Al3+ iona. Spoj 3 ima potencijalno djelovanje kao pH senzor, ali nije pokazao poželjna svojstva za uporabu u senzorima za metale. Spoj 8 je potrebno dodatno ispitati kako bi se definitivno zaključila njegova senzorska aktivnost.The aim of this thesis was synthesis and optical characterization of novel benzimidazole derivates which incorporate 1,2,3-triazole ring in their structure, to prove their sensoring activity. Compounds 2-[(4-nitro)benz-2-ilidene)amino]benzimidazole (compund 3), 2-[(4-amino)benz-2-ilidene)amino]benzimidazole (compund 5), 2-[(4-azido)benz-2-ilidene)amino]benzimidazole (compund 6) and 2-{4-[(4-phenyl)-1,2,3-triazole-1-il]benzilidenamino}benzimidazole (compound 8) were succesfully synthesized using a combination of classical organic chemistry synthesis and „click“ chemistry reaction, while compund 2-{4-[4-(4-aminofenil)-1,2,3-triazole-1-il]benzilidenamino}benzimidazole (compund 7) was not succesfully isolated due to low concentration and significant amount of impurities. Structures of compunds 3, 4, 5 and 8 were determined by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Compound 3 was characterized with UV-visible and fluorescence spectrophotometry in solvents of different polarity, universal buffers in pH range 1 to 13 and in the presence of different metal ions. Compound 8 was spectrophotometricaly characterized in marginal values of pH, and in the presence of Zn2+, Ag+ i Al3+ ions. Compund 3 shows potential activity as a pH sensor in some solvents (water, acetone and acetonitrile), but it did not prove itself a good sensor for detecting metal ions. For compound 8, additional experiments are needed to be sure about its sensor activity

Synthesis and optical characterization of novel heteroaromatic chromophores

Cilj ovog rada je sinteza i optička karakterizacija novih derivata benzimidazola koji u svojoj strukturi sadrže 1,2,3-triazolni prsten u svrhu određivanja njihove senzorske aktivnosti. Novi spojevi 2-[(4-nitro)benz-2-iliden)amino]benzimidazol (spoj 3), 2-[(4-amino)benz-2-iliden)amino]benzimidazol (spoj 5), 2-[(4-azido)benz-2-ilidene)amino]benzimidazole (spoj 6) i 2-{4-[(4-fenil)-1,2,3-triazol-1-il]benzilidenamino}benzimidazol (spoj 8) uspješno su sintetizirani reakcijama klasične i „click“ kemije, dok spoj 2-{4-[4-(4-aminofenil)-1,2,3-triazol-1-il]benzilidenamino}benzimidazol 7 nije uspješno izoliran zbog preniske koncentracije i prevelikog broja nusprodukata. Strukture spojeva 3, 5 i 8 potvrđene 1H-NMR spektroskopijom. Detaljna karakterizacija fotofizičkih i kiselo-baznih svojstava u svrhu ispitivanja potencijalne primjene u optičkim kemijskim senzorima je provedena za spoj 3 i 8. Spoj 3 je okarakteriziran UV-vidljivom i fluorescencijskom spektrofotometrijom u otapalima različite polarnosti, univerzalnim puferima u rasponu vrijednosti pH od 1 do 13 te u prisustvu različitih metalnih iona. Također su provedena spektrofotometrijska ispitivanja spoja 8 u univerzalnim puferima pri graničnim vrijednostima pH te u prisustvu Zn2+, Ag+ i Al3+ iona. Spoj 3 ima potencijalno djelovanje kao pH senzor, ali nije pokazao poželjna svojstva za uporabu u senzorima za metale. Spoj 8 je potrebno dodatno ispitati kako bi se definitivno zaključila njegova senzorska aktivnost.The aim of this thesis was synthesis and optical characterization of novel benzimidazole derivates which incorporate 1,2,3-triazole ring in their structure, to prove their sensoring activity. Compounds 2-[(4-nitro)benz-2-ilidene)amino]benzimidazole (compund 3), 2-[(4-amino)benz-2-ilidene)amino]benzimidazole (compund 5), 2-[(4-azido)benz-2-ilidene)amino]benzimidazole (compund 6) and 2-{4-[(4-phenyl)-1,2,3-triazole-1-il]benzilidenamino}benzimidazole (compound 8) were succesfully synthesized using a combination of classical organic chemistry synthesis and „click“ chemistry reaction, while compund 2-{4-[4-(4-aminofenil)-1,2,3-triazole-1-il]benzilidenamino}benzimidazole (compund 7) was not succesfully isolated due to low concentration and significant amount of impurities. Structures of compunds 3, 4, 5 and 8 were determined by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Compound 3 was characterized with UV-visible and fluorescence spectrophotometry in solvents of different polarity, universal buffers in pH range 1 to 13 and in the presence of different metal ions. Compound 8 was spectrophotometricaly characterized in marginal values of pH, and in the presence of Zn2+, Ag+ i Al3+ ions. Compund 3 shows potential activity as a pH sensor in some solvents (water, acetone and acetonitrile), but it did not prove itself a good sensor for detecting metal ions. For compound 8, additional experiments are needed to be sure about its sensor activity

Analiza hemijskog sastava etarskih ulja snažne efikasnosti na referentni soj ATCC 29212 i kliničke izolate Enterococcus faecalis

Twenty one essential oils (EOs) documented their significant antimicrobial effect with regard to our pre-set criterion of the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC ≤ 200 μL / mL) of EOs towards Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212 and or clinical isolates); the best effect MIC 0.4 μL / mL (approx. 0.26 μg / mL) achieved Satureja horvatii L. EO, while the EOs with the lowest antimicrobial efficacy were Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Achilea milefolium L., both with MIC s160.0 μg / mL. Analysis of the MIC values within the groups revealed that ATCC strain of E. faecalis is generally lower, ranging from 0.26 to 156 μg / mL, in comparison to those for clinical isolateswhich ranged from 10 to 160 μg / mL. Twelve 12 components that are common in EOs whith MIC s ≤ 200 μg / mL in testings towards both, the clinical and referent strains are given in descending order according to number of oils they are present in: trans-β-caryophyllene (13) > myrcene (8) > α-pinene (8) > linalool (7) > p-cymene (7) > borneol (7) > geraniol (6) > camphene (6) > limonene (5) > 1,8- cineol (5) > γ -terpinene (5) > α- terpinene (4). Comparison of EO constituents reviled that only, geraniol and 1,8-cineol, contributed with ≥ 10 % to more than one EO (MIC 0.3-200 μg / mL) efficient against both E. faecalis strains. Thirteen components in 11 EOs with MIC ≤ 200 μg / mL towards ATCC 29212 were representative based on their contents in EOs: eugenol 82.9 % > thymol 63.7 % > hexadecanoic acid 47.8 % > menthol 46.6 % > cis-b-ocimene 44.2 % > geranial 42.1 % > trans-β-caryophyllene 40.8 % > citronellal 36.7 % > α-pinene 31.2 % > neral 30.5 % > α-eudesmol 22.4 % > citronellol 13.1 % > menthone 11.3 %. Following seven components, representative in 10 EOs with MIC ≤ 200 μg / mL towards clinical isolates, are presented in order of their contribution to EOs: phenylethyl alcohol 57.7 % > geranial 32.9 % > neral 22.2 % > p- cymene 20 % > carvacrol 14 % > α-pinene 11.5 % > linalool 11.4 %. Out of 21 highly efficient EOs selected in this study, six EOs proved to be the most efficient (MIC ≤ 30 μg / mL ); three oils in control of E.faecalis ATCC strain (Satureja horvatii, Mentha pulegium and Rosmarinus officinalis) and other three in control of E. faecalis clinical isolates (Leptospermum petersonii, Thymus algeriensis, Thymus serpyllum). Thymol is a major component in three out of the six aforementioned most efficient EOs. The aim of our study was to investigate differences in efficacy of selected EOs that proved to possess great antimicrobial activity, towards the referent strain ATCC 29212 and clinical isolates of E. faecalis on, and to estimate which of their constituents might contribute to desired activity, as 'markers compunds'.Pregledom literature odabrano je 21 etarsko ulje (EU) koje pokazuje izuzetno značajan antimikrobni efekat prema kriterijumima koje smo zadali (MIC ≤ 200 μL / mL) na Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212 referentni soj ili klinički izolat); Najbolji antimikrobni efekat sa MIC 0.4 μL / mL (približno 0.26 μg / mL) pokazalo je etarsko ulje Satureja horvatii L., dok su sa najslabijim antimikrobnim efektom bila ulja Rosmarinus officinalis L. i Achilea milefolium L. (MIC 160.0 μg / mL). Međugrupnom analizom MIC vrednosti, utvrđeno je da se MIC vrednosti, i u grupi u kojoj su testirana ulja na referentne sojeve i u grupi na kliničkim izolatima, razlikuju. MIC vrednosti ulja koja su delovala na referentni soj E. faecalis ATCC 29212, variraju od 0.26 to 156 μg / mL , dok je opseg MIC vrednosti koja pokazuju ulja efikasna na kliničke izolate E. faecalisa bio između 10 to 160 μg / mL. Dvanaest komponenti koje su zajedničke za etarska ulja testirana i na referentnom soju i na kliničkim izolatima, a čiji MIC ≤ 200 μg / mL , iskazana su u opadajućem nizu u odnosu na broj ulja u kojima su sadržana: trans-β-kariofilen (13) > mircen (8) > α-pinen (8) > linalool (7) > p-cymen (7) > borneol (7) > geraniol (6) > kamfen (6) > limonen (5) > 1,8-cineol (5) > γ-terpinen (5) > α-terpinen (4). Poređenjem komponenti utvrđeno je da su samo dve komponente, geraniol i 1,8-cineol, prisutne u procentualnoj zastupljenosti ≥ 10 % u više od jednog etarskog ulja (MIC opseg ulja 0.3-200 μg / mL ), a koja su pokazala efikasnost i na ATCC i na kliničke sojeve E. faecalis. Geraniol i 1,8-cineol su glavne komponente sadržaja ≥ 10 % u više ulja efikasnih i protiv ATCC soja i kliničkih izolata (MIC 0.3-200 μg / mL). U 11 ulja sa MIC ≤ 200 μg / mL na E. faecalis ATCC 29212, uočeno je 13 reprezentativnih komponenti, predstavljanih opadajućem nizu u odnosu na zastupljenost u uljima: eugenol 82.9 % > timol 63.7 % > heksadekanoanska kiselina 47.8 % > mentol 46.6 % > cis-b-ocimen 44.2 % > geranial 42.1 % > trans-β-kariofilen 40.8 % > citronelal 36.7 % > α-pinen 31.2 % > neral 30.5 % > α-eudesmol 22.4 % > citronelol 13.1 % > menton 11.3 %. U 10 etarskih ulja sa MIC ≤ 200 μg / mL efikasnim na klinički izolat, 7 je reprezentativnih i one su prikazane u opadajućem nizu u odnosu na njihovu zastupljenost u EU: feniletil alkohol 57.7 % > geranial 32.9 % > neral 22.2 % > p-cimen 20 % > karvakrol, 14 % > α-pinen 11.5 % > linalool 11.4 %. Od 21 EU iz ovog pregleda, šest su se izdvojila kao najefikasnija (MIC ≤ 30 μg / mL); 3 na referentni E. faecalis ATCC soj (Satureja horvatii, Mentha pulegium and Rosmarinus officinalis) i druga 3 na E faecalis klinički izolat (Leptospermum petersonii, Thymus algeriensis, Thymus serpyllum). Timol je bio procentualno najzastupljenija komponenta u 3 od 6 najefikasnijih EU. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se utvrde razlike u efikasnosti etarskih ulja koja su odabrana zbog njihove jake antimikrobne aktivnosti na kliničke izolate E. faecalis kao i na referentni soj ATCC 29212, i da se izvrši procena njihovog hemijskog sastava vezano za komponente koje svojim učešćem doprinose antimikrobnoj aktivnosti i mogu poslužiti kao 'markeri efikasnosti'

A Non-Singular Black Hole

We present a completely integrable deformation of the CGHS dilaton gravity model in two dimensions. The solution is a singularity free black hole that at large distances asymptoticaly joins to the CGHS solution.Comment: 11 pages, 1 figure, Latex 2

ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL COMPOSI TION OF THE MOST EFFICIENT ESSENTIAL OILS TOWARDS ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS REFERENT STRAIN ATCC 29212 AND CLINICAL ISOLATES

Twenty one essential oils (EOs) documented their significant antimicrobial effect with regard to our pre–set criterion of the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC ≤ 200 μL / mL) of EOs towards Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212 and or clinical isolates); the best effect MIC 0.4 μL / mL (approx. 0.26 μg / mL) achieved Satureja horvatii L. EO, while the EOs with the lowest antimicrobial efficacy were Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Achilea milefolium L., both with MIC s160.0 μg / mL. Analysis of the MIC values within the groups revealed that ATCC strain of E. faecalis is generally lower, ranging from 0.26 to 156 μg / mL, in comparison to those for clinical isolateswhich ranged from 10 to 160 μg / mL. Twelve 12 components that are common in EOs whith MIC s ≤ 200 μg / mL in testings towards both, the clinical  and  referent  strains  are  given  in  descending  order  according  to number of oils they are present in: trans–β–caryophyllene  (13) > myrcene (8)> α–pinene (8) > linalool (7) > p–cymene (7) > borneol (7) > geraniol (6) > camphene  (6) > limonene  (5) > 1,8– cineol  (5) > γ –terpinene  (5) > α–terpinene (4). Comparison of EO constituents reviled that only, geraniol and 1,8–cineol, contributed with ≥ 10 % to more than one EO (MIC 0.3–200 μg / mL) efficient against both E. faecalis strains. Thirteen components in 11 EOs with MIC ≤ 200 µg / mL towards ATCC 29212 were representative based on their contents in EOs: eugenol 82.9 % > thymol 63.7 % > hexadecanoic acid 47.8 % > menthol 46.6 % > cis–b–ocimene 44.2 % > geranial 42.1 % > trans–β–caryophyllene  40.8 % > citronellal  36.7 % > α–pinene  31.2 % > neral 30.5 % > α–eudesmol 22.4 % > citronellol 13.1 % > menthone 11.3 %. Following seven components, representative in 10 EOs with MIC ≤ 200 µg / mL towards clinical isolates, are presented in order of their contribution to EOs: phenylethyl alcohol 57.7 % > geranial 32.9 % > neral 22.2 % > p– cymene 20 % > carvacrol 14 % > α–pinene 11.5 % > linalool 11.4 %. Out of 21 highly efficient EOs selected in this study, six EOs proved to be the most efficient (MIC ≤ 30 μg / mL ); three oils in control of E.faecalis ATCC strain (Satureja horvatii, Mentha pulegium and Rosmarinus  officinalis) and other three  in control of E. faecalis clinical isolates (Leptospermum petersonii, Thymus algeriensis,  Thymus serpyllum).  Thymol is a major component  in three out of the six aforementioned most efficient EOs. The aim of our study was to investigate differences in efficacy of selected EOs that proved to possess great antimicrobial activity, towards the referent strain ATCC 29212 and clinical isolates of E. faecalis on, and to estimate which of their constituents might contribute to desired activity, as “markers compunds”

Synthesis and optical characterization of novel heteroaromatic chromophores

Cilj ovog rada je sinteza i optička karakterizacija novih derivata benzimidazola koji u svojoj strukturi sadrže 1,2,3-triazolni prsten u svrhu određivanja njihove senzorske aktivnosti. Novi spojevi 2-[(4-nitro)benz-2-iliden)amino]benzimidazol (spoj 3), 2-[(4-amino)benz-2-iliden)amino]benzimidazol (spoj 5), 2-[(4-azido)benz-2-ilidene)amino]benzimidazole (spoj 6) i 2-{4-[(4-fenil)-1,2,3-triazol-1-il]benzilidenamino}benzimidazol (spoj 8) uspješno su sintetizirani reakcijama klasične i „click“ kemije, dok spoj 2-{4-[4-(4-aminofenil)-1,2,3-triazol-1-il]benzilidenamino}benzimidazol 7 nije uspješno izoliran zbog preniske koncentracije i prevelikog broja nusprodukata. Strukture spojeva 3, 5 i 8 potvrđene 1H-NMR spektroskopijom. Detaljna karakterizacija fotofizičkih i kiselo-baznih svojstava u svrhu ispitivanja potencijalne primjene u optičkim kemijskim senzorima je provedena za spoj 3 i 8. Spoj 3 je okarakteriziran UV-vidljivom i fluorescencijskom spektrofotometrijom u otapalima različite polarnosti, univerzalnim puferima u rasponu vrijednosti pH od 1 do 13 te u prisustvu različitih metalnih iona. Također su provedena spektrofotometrijska ispitivanja spoja 8 u univerzalnim puferima pri graničnim vrijednostima pH te u prisustvu Zn2+, Ag+ i Al3+ iona. Spoj 3 ima potencijalno djelovanje kao pH senzor, ali nije pokazao poželjna svojstva za uporabu u senzorima za metale. Spoj 8 je potrebno dodatno ispitati kako bi se definitivno zaključila njegova senzorska aktivnost.The aim of this thesis was synthesis and optical characterization of novel benzimidazole derivates which incorporate 1,2,3-triazole ring in their structure, to prove their sensoring activity. Compounds 2-[(4-nitro)benz-2-ilidene)amino]benzimidazole (compund 3), 2-[(4-amino)benz-2-ilidene)amino]benzimidazole (compund 5), 2-[(4-azido)benz-2-ilidene)amino]benzimidazole (compund 6) and 2-{4-[(4-phenyl)-1,2,3-triazole-1-il]benzilidenamino}benzimidazole (compound 8) were succesfully synthesized using a combination of classical organic chemistry synthesis and „click“ chemistry reaction, while compund 2-{4-[4-(4-aminofenil)-1,2,3-triazole-1-il]benzilidenamino}benzimidazole (compund 7) was not succesfully isolated due to low concentration and significant amount of impurities. Structures of compunds 3, 4, 5 and 8 were determined by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Compound 3 was characterized with UV-visible and fluorescence spectrophotometry in solvents of different polarity, universal buffers in pH range 1 to 13 and in the presence of different metal ions. Compound 8 was spectrophotometricaly characterized in marginal values of pH, and in the presence of Zn2+, Ag+ i Al3+ ions. Compund 3 shows potential activity as a pH sensor in some solvents (water, acetone and acetonitrile), but it did not prove itself a good sensor for detecting metal ions. For compound 8, additional experiments are needed to be sure about its sensor activity