Comment évaluer un processus innovant ? Cas de l'utilisation raisonnée de fumure organique au champ

La fertilité des zones cotonnières d'Afrique de l'ouest est soumise à des pressions agropastorales de plus en plus fortes. L'augmentation démographique, l'extension des surfaces cultivées au détriment de l'espace pastoral et le développement de l'élevage entrainent des menaces pour le maintien et le développement des activités agricoles et d'élevage. La sécurité alimentaire et les revenus agricoles sont incertains. Le projet Fertipartenaires propose d'améliorer la gestion agropastorale de la fertilité des sols à travers une démarche de Recherche Action en Partenariat (RAP) impliquant les acteurs à toutes les étapes de recherche : diagnostic, recherche de solution, mise en oeuvre et évaluation. Une des activités du projet vise à co-concevoir des innovations pour améliorer la production de fumure organique (FO) tout en raisonnant son application au champ. Le processus innovant proposé comporte trois composantes successives : augmentation de la capacité de production de FO (répartition des fosses sur l'exploitation), production améliorée (compostage, fumier de fosse, conditions de décomposition) et application raisonnée de FO au champ (quantité de FO et d'engrais). Afin d'évaluer les impacts sur les exploitations et la dynamique locale de ces innovations, nous proposons une méthode participative d'évaluation en trois étapes. L'évaluation débute par une analyse, auprès des expérimentateurs, des résultats techniques et économiques de l'innovation (effets directs, bilan partiel 1). Elle se poursuit par une analyse de ses conséquences économiques, écologiques et sociologiques (effets indirects, bilan partiel 2). Chaque bilan partiel est présenté aux acteurs et les voies d'améliorations sont discutées. Elle s'achève par une analyse de sa dynamique (diffusion, adoption) au sein de la communauté locale (bilan final). (Résumé d'auteur

Umanisti titolati e di provincia. Biglietti in volgare tra Francesco Barbaro e Bartolomeo Baldana

The paper focuses on Bartolomeo Baldana, lawyer and government official at the Papal Court during 15th Century, reviewing his biography on the basis of some new documents. It is thus highlighted its cultural background, which in addition to Venetian Humanism’s Leaders like Francesco Barbaro and Pietro Donà involved some lesser known Humanists whose studies were nevertheless devoted to historical features of Latin language. Two vernacular texts written by Baldana and Barbaro at the time when they were commissioned as public administrators are examined in the light of these circumstances

"O terque quaterque beati" (Aen. I 94). Aperçu d'une lecture séculaire

After Birger Munk Olsen's great and precious work about the manuscripts of classical auctores between the eleventh and twelfth centuries, the bulk of the glosses on the classics from the age of the so-called 'twelfth-century Renaissance' remains unpublished and lacking proper surveys, thus deserving attention. A small but intriguing piece of this enormous puzzle can be seen in the different paths followed through the centuries by the glosses on Aen. 1.94, which includes the first words of Eneas in the poem: O terque quaterque beati. From the twelfth century onwards these words began to receive an allegorical interpretation, tied to the numbers 3 and 4, which is probably connected with the gloss of Guillaume de Conches on Macrobius' quotation of the Virgilian verse itself (comm. 1.6.44). Only in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries did awareness about different roots of the Virgilian numbers begin (e.g. Hom. Od. 5.306

On the generalization of the study of a letter power substitution on modulo-recurrent words

Let us consider an infinite word and $k\geq 1$ an integer. By steps of $k$, we substitute a letter ofthis infinite word by the power of an external letter. The new word obtaining by this process is called $k$ to $k$ substitution of a power letter. After the application of this new notion on modulo-reccurent words and in particular on Sturmian words. We establish the complexity function of those words

Lucidissima dictandi peritia. Studi di grammatica e retorica medievale

The volume gathers 15 among the most relevant papers about medieval grammar and rhetoric written by Gian Carlo Alessio, formerly full Professor at Ca’ Foscari (chair: Medieval Latin Literature and Philology). In the field of grammatical and rhetorical studies he reached the most important goals of his research and teaching career; and precisely the latter is summarized here by a wide choice of papers which were published between 1979 and 2006 and seem now especially exemplary of Prof. Alessio’s working methods and research outcomes. In the studies which are reprinted here the following subjects stand out: classical rhetoric in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance (especially Cicero, De inventione and the Rhetorica ad Herennium), medieval rhetoric, ars dictaminis and speculative grammar; in every paper a key role is always played by the attention to masters and/or specific cultural contexts (e.g. above all Bologna). The book is completed by 2 indexes (names; manuscripts)

Evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of a hemoglobin S and C screening test: Sickle Scan

New tools for the rapid diagnosis of hemoglobinosis could encourage the extension of their screening in Africa. Our goal was to assess the analytical performances of a rapid hemoglobin S and C detection test, the Sickle Scan. This was a cross-sectional study carried out in March 2019 at the Yopougon Teaching Hospital. The subjects followed for hemoglobinosis as well as the subjects seeking out an electrophoresis of their hemoglobin were included. We carried out the hemogram, the electrophoresis of hemoglobin at alkaline pH (reference method) coupled with the metabisulfite sickling test (Emmel test) and the rapid detection test to be evaluated. This immunochromatographic test is capable of detecting hemoglobins A, S, and C, and to infer the hemoglobin phenotype from there. The study recruited 191 individuals. The test detected hemoglobins S and C with a sensitivity of 99.4% and 97.7% respectively; a specificity of 93.3% and 99.3%. The positive likelihood ratio for hemoglobins S and C was 15 and 144 respectively. The negative likelihood ratio was 0.01 for hemoglobin S, and 0.02 for hemoglobin C. The intrinsic characteristics obtained make this test an interesting screening tool for hemoglobinosis S and C. Keywords: Diagnostic test, hemoglobinosis, Abidjan, sensitivity, specificity

Rediscovery and Canonization: The Roman Classics in the Middle Ages

Issue 3 of Interfaces: A Journal of Medieval European Literatures explores the theme of the rediscovery and canonization of the Roman classics in medieval Western European literary culture, beginning in the eleventh century and reaching a wide impact on literary and intellectual life in the twelfth century. It is headed by an article by Birger Munk Olsen whose immense and comprehensive work of cataloguing and analyzing the entire record of manuscripts containing Roman classics copied before 1200 is nearing completion (L‘étude des auteurs classiques aux XIe et XIIe siècles, 5 vols). Within our journal’s scope of medieval European literature we have found it both rewarding and fitting to take Munk Olsen’s work as a prism for what is a striking literary phenomenon across most geographies and chronologies of medieval Europe: the engagement with the pre-Christian classics.The catalogue and the synthesis by Munk Olsen put many kinds of new studies on a firm footing. In this issue of Interfaces we present three 'frontiers' or types of scholarship on the rediscovery and canonization of the Roman classics all taking their cue from the meticulous way L’étude has charted out this territory

Determinants of attendance in antenatal care clinics in rural settings in Mali and Burkina Faso: a cross-sectional study

Background Since 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended a minimum of eight antenatal care (ANC) contacts during pregnancy, replacing the previous recommendation of four focused ANC visits. In Mali and Burkina Faso, the four ANC visits are still recommended and their coverage remains low or insufficient. To anticipate possible obstacles to the implementation of the new recommendations, this study aimed to identify the individual determinants of ANC attendance in two study districts, with a representative sample of women recruited from the community. Methods Data were collected in June 2022 through a three-stage household survey with a representative sample of women who delivered in the previous 12 months in the health districts of Kangaba (Mali) and Boussé (Burkina Faso). Country-specific analyses were performed using self-reported data. Women’s sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, as well as attitudes towards ANC attendance, were described to account for clustering. Multivariable logistic regression models using generalized estimating equations were used to identify the determinants of four or more ANC uptakes. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant in the adjusted model. Results Overall, 1590 women participated (780 in Mali; 810 in Burkina Faso) in the study. Women in Burkina Faso were older and less educated than women in Mali. The proportions of women with at least four ANC visits were 80% and 54%, and that of ANC in the first trimester was 38.7% and 43.8% in Burkina Faso and Mali respectively. Factors significantly associated with a greater probability of women attending ANC4 + visits were found only in Mali: a history of stillbirth and time spent at ANC. Factors reducing the use of ANC4 + were the lack of transportation/distance in Burkina Faso, travel time of less than 1 h to reach the maternity clinic, women’s nonrecognition of the importance of ANC visits, and the perceived high cost of the ANC visit in both countries. Conclusion ANC was lower in Mali than in Burkina Faso. Health policies aimed at achieving the WHO recommendation of 8 ANC contacts should prioritize health information and sensitization of pregnant women to improve their knowledge of the importance of attending ANC several times