Ensiling of the whole maize plant

Silirana cijela biljka kukuruza (Zea mays L.) se uobičajeno koristi za hranidbu preživača, prvenstveno radi visoke pogodnosti biljke kukuruza za siliranje, visokog sadržaja energije i visokog prinosa suhe tvari (ST) po jedinici površine. Cilj ovog rada je prikazati tehnološke zahvate u proizvodnji kukuruzne silaže od odabira hibrida kukuruza za sjetvu, gustoću sklopa usjeva kukuruza za siliranje, zrelost usjeva kukuruza za siliranje, visinu košnje, prinos, duljinu sjeckanja, primjenu aditiva za siliranje, zatvaranje silosa te fermentaciju u silosu. Proizvodnja kukuruzne silaže se može potpuno mehanizirati, a usjev se kosi jedan puta godišnje, pa su niži troškovi radne snage i mehanizacije u usporedbi s npr. proizvodnjom travne silaže/sjenaže gdje se kosi i silira nekoliko otkosa krme tijekom vegetacijske sezone. Biljka kukuruza se silira nekoliko tjedana prije žetve kukuruza za zrno, pa se prema potrebi, određene površine pod kukuruzom za siliranje mogu žeti kasnije za proizvodnju zrna. Razvoj hibrida kukuruza je ključan u globalnim trendovima proizvodnje kukuruzne silaže, a izbor hibrida za sjetvu je najvažniji čimbenik profitabilne proizvodnje kukuruzne silaže. Prinos i hranidbena vrijednost kukuruzne silaže su ovisni o mikroklimatskim uvjetima uzgoja, svim agrotehničkim zahvatima uzgoja usjeva kukuruza te pravovremenoj i usklađenoj provedbi tehnoloških postupaka siliranja biljke kukuruza od košnje, punjenja i zatvaranja silosa do završetka fermentacije u silosuThe ensiled whole maize plant is commonly used for feeding ruminants primarily for the high suitability of maize plant for ensiling, high energy content, and high dry matter yield (ST) per unit area. The aim of this paper is to present the basic aspects of maize silage production related to the selection of maize hybrids for sowing, density of corn crop for ensiling, maturity of maize for ensiling, mowing height, yield, cutting length, application of silage additives, and closure of fermentation in a silo. Maize silage production can be fully mechanized and the crop is mowed once a year, so labor and mechanization costs are lower compared to, for example, grass silage/haylage production where several forage cuts are obtained over the vegetation season. The corn for ensiling is harvested a few weeks before the full maturity, and if necessary, certain areas under silage corn can be used for grain production. The development of maize hybrids is crucial in global trends in maize silage production, and the choice of hybrids is the most important factor in profitable maize silage production. Yield and nutritional value of corn silage depend on microclimatic growing conditions, all the agro-technology applied for crop growing and timely ensiling from harvesting, filling and closing the silo to the end of fermentation in the silo

Quality of corn silages produced in the Sisak-Moslavina County

Kukuruzna silaža (KS) je glavna energetska komponenta obroka u hranidbi goveda za meso i mlijeko. Cilj rada bio je utvrditi kvalitetu KS s područja Sisačko–moslavačke županije proizvedenih tijekom 2016. godine na deset obiteljskih poljoprivrednih gospodarstava (OPG). Analizirano je 65 uzoraka KS na organoleptičke, fizikalne, kemijske i biološke parametre kvalitete. Boja analiziranih uzoraka KS se kretala od normalne i zelenkaste do tamno smeđe, a miris od mirisa po alkoholu i maslačnoj kiselini do mirisa po karamelu. Najzastupljenija je bila duljina sječke od 0,8-1,9 cm (55 % analiziranih uzoraka), a zatim od 0,4-0,8 cm (31 % analiziranih uzoraka). Proizvedene KS su u prosjeku imale sadržaj suhe tvari (ST) 378,31 g kg-1 svježeg uzorka, neutralnih detergent vlakana (NDV) 407,78 g kg-1 ST, pH vrijednost 4,37, sadržaj sirovih proteina (SP) 72,81 g kg-1 ST, sadržaj škroba 343,3 g kg-1 ST, sadržaj metaboličke energije (ME) 10,85 MJ kg-1 ST, neto energije laktacije (NEL ) 6,56 MJ kg-1 ST i probavljivost organske tvari (POT) 71,1 %. Od ukupno analiziranih uzoraka se u optimalnu kvalitetu KS prema sadržaju ST može svrstati 23 % KS, sadržaju SP 46 %, škroba 18 %, pH vrijednosti 23 % analiziranih uzoraka dok prema POT 0% analiziranih uzoraka. Zaključeno je da su analizirane KS proizvedene su od usjeva kukuruza siliranih u kasnijim fazama fenološke zrelosti od optimalne za proizvodnju KS visoke kvalitete. Nadalje, vrijednosti sadržaja ST, NDV, pH i škroba su veće, a vrijednosti sadržaja SP, ME, NEL i POT niže od vrijednosti utvrđenih ranijim monitorinzima kvalitete KS na OPG-ima kao i poželjnih vrijednosti za KS. Varijabilna kvaliteta proizvedenih KS ukazuje na primijenjenu različitu tehnologiju uzgoja i siliranja usjeva kukuruza u istim mikroklimatskim uvjetima.Corn silage (CS) is the main energy component of the ration in feeding cattle for meat and milk. The objective of this study was to determine the quality of CS from the Sisak-Moslavina County produced in 2016 on ten family farms. Total of 65 CS samples were analyzed for organoleptic, physical, chemical and biological quality parameters. The color of the analyzed CS ranged from normal and greenish to dark brown, and the smell from the smell of alcohol and butyric acid to the smell of caramel. The most common was the chopping length of 0.8-1.9 cm (55% of the analyzed samples), followed by 0.4-0.8 cm (31% of the analyzed samples). The CS produced had on average dry matter (DM) content 378.31 g kg-1 fresh sample, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) 407.78 g kg-1 DM and pH value 4.37, crude protein (CP) 72.81 g kg-1 DM, starch 343.3 g kg-1 DM, metabolic energy (ME) 10.85 MJ kg-1 DM, net energy for lactation (NEL ) 6.56 MJ kg-1 DM and digestibility of organic matter (OMD) 711 g kg-1 DM. Out of the total of analyzed samples, the optimal quality was determined in 23% of CS for DM, 46% for CP content, 18% for starch, 23% for pH value and 0% for OMD. It was concluded that the analyzed CS were produced from corn crops ensiled in later stages of phenological maturity than optimal for the production of high quality CS. Also, the values determined for DM, NDF, pH, starch were higher while the values for CP, ME, NEL i OMD lower than reported by previous monitoring of CS quality on family farms as well as the desired values for CS. The variable quality of the produced CS indicates applied different technology of cultivation and ensiling of corn crops in the same microclimatic conditions

Nutritive value of corn silages in Sisak-Moslavina County

Kukuruzna silaža (KS) je visoke energetske vrijednosti i glavna energetska komponenta obroka u hranidbi preživača. Cilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je utvrditi hranidbenu vrijednost KS s područja Sisačko–moslavačke županije proizvedenih tijekom 2016. godine na deset većih obiteljskih poljoprivrednih gospodarstava (OPG) koja se bave proizvodnjom mlijeka. Analizirano je 65 uzoraka KS NIR spektroskopijom na organoleptičke, fizikalne, kemijske i biološke parametre kvalitete u akreditiranom laboratoriju Centra za kontrolu kvalitete stočarskih proizvoda Hrvatske agencije za poljoprivredu i hranu u Križevcima. Utvrđeno je da se boja analiziranih uzoraka KS kretala od normalne i zelenkaste do tamno smeđe, a miris od mirisa po alkoholu i maslačnoj kiselini do mirisa po karamelu. Najzastupljenija je bila duljina sječke od 0,8-1,9 cm (55 %), a zatim od 0,4-0,8 cm (31%). Proizvedene KS su u prosjeku imale 378 g suhe tvari (ST) kg-1 svježeg uzorka, 73 g sirovih proteina (SP) kg-1 ST, i 408 g neutralnih detergent vlakana (NDV) kg-1 ST. Srednja vrijednost sadržaja škroba je iznosila 343 g kg-1 ST, a ME je 10,85 MJ kg-1 ST. Srednja pH vrijednost je iznosila 4,37, a kretala se od 3,5-6,5. Prosječna neto energija laktacije (NEL) je iznosila 6,56 MJ kg-1 ST, a prosječna probavljivost organske tvari (OT) 711 g kg-1 ST. Zaključeno je da su analizirani uzorci KS, prema prosječnim vrijednostima pojedinih parametara kvalitete, visoke hranidbene vrijednosti i proizvedeni od usjeva kukuruza siliranih u kasnijim fazama fenološke zrelosti. Osim toga, široki rasponi sadržaja pojedinih parametara kvalitete proizvedenih KS, ukazuju na neujednačenu hranidbenu vrijednost kao posljedicu primjene različitih tehnologija uzgoja i siliranja usjeva kukuruza.Corn silage (CS) is of high energy value and the main energy component of ration in ruminant nutrition. The aim of this study was to determine the nutritive value of CS from the Sisak-Moslavina County produced in 2016 on ten larger milk producing family farms. Total of 65 samples of CS were analyzed by NIR spectroscopy for organoleptic, physical, chemical and biological quality parameters in the accredited laboratory of the Croatian Agency for Agriculture and Food in Križevci. It was found that the color of the analyzed CS samples ranged from normal and greenish to dark brown, and the smell from the smell of alcohol and butyric acid to the smell of caramel. The most common length of the cuttings ranged from 0.8-1.9 cm (55%), followed by 0.4-0.8 cm (31%). The CS produced had on average 378 g dry matter (DM) kg-1 fresh sample, 73 g crude protein (CP) kg-1 DM and 408 g neutral detergent fiber (NDF) kg-1 DM. The mean starch content was 343 g kg-1 DM while the average ME content 10.85 MJ kg-1 DM. The mean pH value was 4.37 (ranged from 3.5-6.5). The average net energy of lactation (NEL) was 6.56 MJ kg-1 DM, and the average digestibility of organic matter (OM) was 711 g kg-1 DM. It was concluded that the analyzed CS samples, according to the average values of individual quality parameters, were produced from maize crops ensiled in the later stages of phenological maturity. In addition, wide ranges of content of individual quality parameters indicate variable nutritive value as a result of different technologies applied for growing and ensiling corn crops

Nutritive value of corn silages in Sisak-Moslavina County

Kukuruzna silaža (KS) je visoke energetske vrijednosti i glavna energetska komponenta obroka u hranidbi preživača. Cilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je utvrditi hranidbenu vrijednost KS s područja Sisačko–moslavačke županije proizvedenih tijekom 2016. godine na deset većih obiteljskih poljoprivrednih gospodarstava (OPG) koja se bave proizvodnjom mlijeka. Analizirano je 65 uzoraka KS NIR spektroskopijom na organoleptičke, fizikalne, kemijske i biološke parametre kvalitete u akreditiranom laboratoriju Centra za kontrolu kvalitete stočarskih proizvoda Hrvatske agencije za poljoprivredu i hranu u Križevcima. Utvrđeno je da se boja analiziranih uzoraka KS kretala od normalne i zelenkaste do tamno smeđe, a miris od mirisa po alkoholu i maslačnoj kiselini do mirisa po karamelu. Najzastupljenija je bila duljina sječke od 0,8-1,9 cm (55 %), a zatim od 0,4-0,8 cm (31%). Proizvedene KS su u prosjeku imale 378 g suhe tvari (ST) kg-1 svježeg uzorka, 73 g sirovih proteina (SP) kg-1 ST, i 408 g neutralnih detergent vlakana (NDV) kg-1 ST. Srednja vrijednost sadržaja škroba je iznosila 343 g kg-1 ST, a ME je 10,85 MJ kg-1 ST. Srednja pH vrijednost je iznosila 4,37, a kretala se od 3,5-6,5. Prosječna neto energija laktacije (NEL) je iznosila 6,56 MJ kg-1 ST, a prosječna probavljivost organske tvari (OT) 711 g kg-1 ST. Zaključeno je da su analizirani uzorci KS, prema prosječnim vrijednostima pojedinih parametara kvalitete, visoke hranidbene vrijednosti i proizvedeni od usjeva kukuruza siliranih u kasnijim fazama fenološke zrelosti. Osim toga, široki rasponi sadržaja pojedinih parametara kvalitete proizvedenih KS, ukazuju na neujednačenu hranidbenu vrijednost kao posljedicu primjene različitih tehnologija uzgoja i siliranja usjeva kukuruza.Corn silage (CS) is of high energy value and the main energy component of ration in ruminant nutrition. The aim of this study was to determine the nutritive value of CS from the Sisak-Moslavina County produced in 2016 on ten larger milk producing family farms. Total of 65 samples of CS were analyzed by NIR spectroscopy for organoleptic, physical, chemical and biological quality parameters in the accredited laboratory of the Croatian Agency for Agriculture and Food in Križevci. It was found that the color of the analyzed CS samples ranged from normal and greenish to dark brown, and the smell from the smell of alcohol and butyric acid to the smell of caramel. The most common length of the cuttings ranged from 0.8-1.9 cm (55%), followed by 0.4-0.8 cm (31%). The CS produced had on average 378 g dry matter (DM) kg-1 fresh sample, 73 g crude protein (CP) kg-1 DM and 408 g neutral detergent fiber (NDF) kg-1 DM. The mean starch content was 343 g kg-1 DM while the average ME content 10.85 MJ kg-1 DM. The mean pH value was 4.37 (ranged from 3.5-6.5). The average net energy of lactation (NEL) was 6.56 MJ kg-1 DM, and the average digestibility of organic matter (OM) was 711 g kg-1 DM. It was concluded that the analyzed CS samples, according to the average values of individual quality parameters, were produced from maize crops ensiled in the later stages of phenological maturity. In addition, wide ranges of content of individual quality parameters indicate variable nutritive value as a result of different technologies applied for growing and ensiling corn crops

Nutritive value of corn silages in Sisak-Moslavina County

Kukuruzna silaža (KS) je visoke energetske vrijednosti i glavna energetska komponenta obroka u hranidbi preživača. Cilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je utvrditi hranidbenu vrijednost KS s područja Sisačko–moslavačke županije proizvedenih tijekom 2016. godine na deset većih obiteljskih poljoprivrednih gospodarstava (OPG) koja se bave proizvodnjom mlijeka. Analizirano je 65 uzoraka KS NIR spektroskopijom na organoleptičke, fizikalne, kemijske i biološke parametre kvalitete u akreditiranom laboratoriju Centra za kontrolu kvalitete stočarskih proizvoda Hrvatske agencije za poljoprivredu i hranu u Križevcima. Utvrđeno je da se boja analiziranih uzoraka KS kretala od normalne i zelenkaste do tamno smeđe, a miris od mirisa po alkoholu i maslačnoj kiselini do mirisa po karamelu. Najzastupljenija je bila duljina sječke od 0,8-1,9 cm (55 %), a zatim od 0,4-0,8 cm (31%). Proizvedene KS su u prosjeku imale 378 g suhe tvari (ST) kg-1 svježeg uzorka, 73 g sirovih proteina (SP) kg-1 ST, i 408 g neutralnih detergent vlakana (NDV) kg-1 ST. Srednja vrijednost sadržaja škroba je iznosila 343 g kg-1 ST, a ME je 10,85 MJ kg-1 ST. Srednja pH vrijednost je iznosila 4,37, a kretala se od 3,5-6,5. Prosječna neto energija laktacije (NEL) je iznosila 6,56 MJ kg-1 ST, a prosječna probavljivost organske tvari (OT) 711 g kg-1 ST. Zaključeno je da su analizirani uzorci KS, prema prosječnim vrijednostima pojedinih parametara kvalitete, visoke hranidbene vrijednosti i proizvedeni od usjeva kukuruza siliranih u kasnijim fazama fenološke zrelosti. Osim toga, široki rasponi sadržaja pojedinih parametara kvalitete proizvedenih KS, ukazuju na neujednačenu hranidbenu vrijednost kao posljedicu primjene različitih tehnologija uzgoja i siliranja usjeva kukuruza.Corn silage (CS) is of high energy value and the main energy component of ration in ruminant nutrition. The aim of this study was to determine the nutritive value of CS from the Sisak-Moslavina County produced in 2016 on ten larger milk producing family farms. Total of 65 samples of CS were analyzed by NIR spectroscopy for organoleptic, physical, chemical and biological quality parameters in the accredited laboratory of the Croatian Agency for Agriculture and Food in Križevci. It was found that the color of the analyzed CS samples ranged from normal and greenish to dark brown, and the smell from the smell of alcohol and butyric acid to the smell of caramel. The most common length of the cuttings ranged from 0.8-1.9 cm (55%), followed by 0.4-0.8 cm (31%). The CS produced had on average 378 g dry matter (DM) kg-1 fresh sample, 73 g crude protein (CP) kg-1 DM and 408 g neutral detergent fiber (NDF) kg-1 DM. The mean starch content was 343 g kg-1 DM while the average ME content 10.85 MJ kg-1 DM. The mean pH value was 4.37 (ranged from 3.5-6.5). The average net energy of lactation (NEL) was 6.56 MJ kg-1 DM, and the average digestibility of organic matter (OM) was 711 g kg-1 DM. It was concluded that the analyzed CS samples, according to the average values of individual quality parameters, were produced from maize crops ensiled in the later stages of phenological maturity. In addition, wide ranges of content of individual quality parameters indicate variable nutritive value as a result of different technologies applied for growing and ensiling corn crops

Financing Public Transportation of Passengers

Public transportation of passengers has very important role in the life and functioning of urban areas. Public transportation of passengers stimulates effective economic activities, improves the life standard and increases the mobility of the population. Such system is difficult for financing. The revenue that the system brings is not sufficient to compensate for the operational costs. This research presents the possible ways of financing the system of public transit. There are various experiences in financing the public transit in European cities, but this problem has been also identified in the cities all over the world. The system of public transit in the Republic of Serbia has recently started to implement activities related to the improvement in the quality of work and services, as well as rationalization of the system in all aspects of business and operation, improvement of organization and maintenance at all levels, and increase in the efficiency and reputation