Associations Between Early Maternal Depressive Symptom Trajectories And Toddlers’ Felt Security At 18 Months: Are Boys And Girls At Differential Risk?

The goal of this study was to evaluate whether there are sex differences in children’s vulnerability to caregiving risk, as indexed by trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms assessed from 2 to 18 monthsâ postpartum, and children’s rated attachment security in toddlerhood, adjusting for maternal social support and demographic risk. Analyses utilized longitudinal data collected for 182 African American motherâ child dyads from economically diverse backgrounds. Participants were recruited at the time of the child’s birth and followed to 18 monthsâ postpartum. Results of conditional latent growth models indicated that an increasing rate of change in level of maternal depressive symptoms over time negatively predicted toddlersâ felt attachment security. Higher social support was associated with decreasing levels of maternal depressive symptoms over time whereas higher demographic risk was associated with increasing levels of maternal depressive symptoms. A subsequent multigroup conditional latent growth model revealed that child sex moderated these associations. For male (but not female) children, a rapid increase in maternal depressive symptoms was associated with lower felt attachment security at 18 months. These findings suggest that boys, as compared to girls, may be more vulnerable to early caregiving risks such as maternal depression, with negative consequences for motherâ child attachment security in toddlerhood.RESUMENEl objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar si hay diferencias de sexo en la vulnerabilidad de los niños al riesgo de prestación de cuidado, como han indicado las trayectorias de síntomas depresivos maternos evaluadas de 2 a 18 meses después del parto, y el puntaje de la seguridad de afectividad de los niños en su temprana infancia, con ajustes basados en el apoyo social materno y el riesgo demográfico. Los análisis utilizaron información longitudinal recogida de 182 díadas de madreâ niño afroâ americanas de niveles económicamente diversos. Los participantes fueron reclutados al nacer el niño y se les dio seguimiento hasta los 18 meses después del parto. Los resultados de modelos de modelos de crecimiento latente condicionales indicaron que un incremento en el puntaje de cambio en el nivel de síntomas depresivos maternos a través del tiempo negativamente predijo la seguridad afectiva que los infantes sentían. Se asoció un más alto apoyo social con decrecientes niveles de síntomas depresivos maternos a través del tiempo, mientras que más altos riesgos demográficos se asociaron con un incrementos en los niveles de síntomas depresivos maternos. Un subsecuente modelo de crecimiento latente condicional reveló que el sexo del niño moderaba estas asociaciones. En el caso de niños varones (no así las niñas), se asoció un rápido incremento en síntomas depresivos maternos con más bajos niveles, a los 18 meses, de seguridad en la afectividad sentida. Estos resultados sugieren que los niños varones, comparados con las niñas, pudieran ser más vulnerables a los riesgos de un cuidado temprano tal como la depresión materna, con consecuencias negativas para la seguridad en la afectividad madreâ niño en la más temprana infancia.Rà SUMà Le but de cette étude était dâ évaluer s’il existe des différences entre les sexes dans la vulnérabilité des enfants au risque de la personne prenant soin d’eux, telle qu’elle est indexée par les trajectoires des symptômes dépressifs maternels évalués de 2 à 18 mois après la naissance, et la sécurité de l’attachement telle qu’elle est évaluée chez les enfants durant la petite enfance, s’ajustant au soutien social maternel et au risque démographique. Les analyses ont utilisé des données longitudinales recueillies pour 182 dyades mèresâ enfants noires américaines issues de milieux socioéconomiques divers. Les participants ont été recrutés au moment de la naissance de l’enfant et ont été suivis jusquâ à 18 mois après la naissance. Les résultats de modèles de croissance latents conditionnels ont indiqué qu’un taux croissant de changement dans le niveau des symptômes dépressifs maternels au fil du temps prédisait de manière négative la sécurité de l’attachement ressentie des jeunes enfants. Un soutien social plus élevé était lié à des niveaux décroissants de symptômes dépressifs maternels au fil du temps, alors qu’un risque démographique élevé était lié à des niveaux plus élevés de symptômes dépressifs maternels. Un modèle de croissance latente conditionnelle subséquente et multiâ groupe a révélé que le sexe de l’enfant modérait ces associations. Pour les enfants mâles (mais pas les enfants femelles) une augmentation rapide des symptômes dépressifs maternels était liée à une sécurité perçue de l’attachement plus basse à 18 mois. Ces résultats suggèrent que les garçons, comparés aux filles, peuvent être plus vulnérables aux risques liés à la personne prenant soin d’eux comme la dépression maternelle, avec des conséquences négatives pour la sécurité de l’attachement mèreâ enfant dans la petite enfance.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDas Ziel dieser Studie war es, Geschlechtsunterschiede bei Kindern im Hinblick auf ihre Vulnerabilität bei Fürsorgerisiken zu evaluieren. Die Fürsorgerisiken wurden durch den Verlauf der mütterlichen depressiven Symptome von 2 bis 18 Monaten nach der Geburt indiziert, sowie durch die bewertete Bindungssicherheit der Kleinkinder. Dabei wurde für mütterliche soziale Unterstützung und demografische Risiken kontrolliert. Für die Analysen wurden Längsschnittdaten von 182 afroâ amerikanischen Mutterâ Kindâ Dyaden mit verschiedenen ökonomischen Hintergründen genutzt. Die Teilnehmer wurden zum Zeitpunkt der Geburt des Kindes rekrutiert und nach der Geburt für 18 Monate begleitet. Die Ergebnisse der konditionalen latenten Wachstumsmodelle zeigten, dass im Verlauf ansteigende mütterliche depressive Symptome mit der gefühlten Bindungssicherheit der Kleinkinder in einem negativen Vorhersagezusammenhang standen. Höhere soziale Unterstützung war mit einer Abnahme der mütterlichen depressiven Symptome im Verlauf der Zeit assoziiert, während ein höheres demografisches Risiko mit dem Anstieg der mütterlichen depressive Symptome assoziiert war. Ein nachfolgendes konditionales latentes Wachstumsmodell für multiple Gruppen zeigte, dass das Geschlecht des Kindes diese Assoziationen moderierte. Bei Jungen (jedoch nicht bei Mädchen) war eine rasche Zunahme der mütterlichen depressiven Symptome mit einer niedrigeren gefühlten Bindungssicherheit 18 Monate nach der Geburt assoziiert. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass Jungen, verglichen mit Mädchen, hinsichtlich früher Fürsorgerisiken wie mütterlicher Depression vulnerabler sind, was wiederum mit negativen Folgen für die Bindungssicherheit zwischen Mutter und Kind im Kleinkindalter einhergehen kann.æ é ²ã ã ®ç  ç©¶ã ®ç ®ç ã ¯ã é¤ è ²ã ®ã ªã ¹ã ¯ã ¸ã ®å­ ã ©ã ã ®è å¼±æ §ã «æ §å·®ã ã ã ã ã ©ã ã ã è© ä¾¡ã ã ã 㠨㠧ã ã ã ã ã ã ¯ã å ºç £å¾ 2â ¼18ã æ ã «è© ä¾¡ã ã ã æ¯ è¦ªã ®æ ã ã ¤ç ç ¶ã ®çµ é 㠨幼å æ ã «è© å® ã ã ã ã ã ©ã ã ®æ ç ã ®å® å® æ §ã æ æ¨ ã «ã ã ¦ã æ¯ è¦ªã ®ç¤¾ä¼ ç æ ¯æ ´ã ¨äººå £çµ±è¨ å­¦ç 㠪㠹㠯㠫㠤ã ã ¦é ©å ã ã ã ã å æ ã ¯ã çµ æ¸ ç ã «å¤ æ§ ã ªè æ ¯ã æ ã ¤182çµ ã ®ã ¢ã ã ªã «ç³»ã ¢ã ¡ã ªã «äººã ®æ¯ å­ ã ã é ã ã ã ã ç¸¦æ ­ç ã ªã 㠼㠿ã å ©ç ¨ã ã ã ç  ç©¶å å  è ã ¯å­ ã ©ã ã ®å ºç æ ã «é ã ã ã ã ç £å¾ 18ã æ é 追跡ã ã ã ã æ ¡ä»¶ä» ã æ½ å ¨æ é ·ã ¢ã ã «ã ®çµ æ ã ã ã æ é çµ é ã «ã ã æ¯ è¦ªã ®æ ã ã ¤ç ç ¶ã ¬ã ã «ã ®å¤ å ç ã ®å¢ å  ã ¯ã å¹¼å ã «æ ã ã ã ã æ ç ã ®å® å® æ §ã ã ã ¬ã ã £ã ã «äº æ¸¬ã ã ã ã ¨ã 示ã ã ã ã ã ã é« ã ç¤¾ä¼ æ ¯æ ´ã ¯ã æ é çµ é ã «ã ã æ¯ è¦ªã ®æ ã ã ¤ç ç ¶ã ¬ã ã «ã ®ä½ ä¸ ã «é ¢é £ã ã ã ã ã ã ®ä¸ æ ¹ã ã é« ã äººå £çµ±è¨ å­¦ç ã ªã ¹ã ¯ã ¯æ¯ è¦ªã ®æ ã ã ¤ç ç ¶ã ¬ã ã «ã ®å¢ å  ã ¨é ¢é £ã ã ã ã ã ã «ç¶ ã å¤ ç¾¤æ ¡ä»¶ä» ã æ½ å ¨æ é ·ã ¢ã ã «ã ã ã å­ ã ©ã ã ®æ §å ¥ã ã ã ã ã ®é ¢é £ã ç·©å ã ã ã ç ·å 㠧㠯 (ã ã ã 女å 㠧㠯㠪ã ) ã æ ¥é ã «å¢ å¤§ã ã æ¯ è¦ªã ®æ ã ã ¤ç ç ¶ã ¯ã 18ã æ ã §æ ã ã ã ã æ ç ã ®å® å® æ §ã ®ä½ ã ã ¨é ¢é £ã ã ã ã ã ã ã ®çµ æ ã ã ã 女å ã «æ¯ ã ¹ã ¦ç ·å ã ¯ã æ¯ è¦ªã ®æ ã 㠤㠮ã ã ã ªæ ©æ ã ®é¤ è ²ã ªã ¹ã ¯ã «å¯¾ã ã ¦ã ã è 弱㠧ã ã ã å¹¼å æ ã ®æ¯ å­ ã ®æ ç ã ®å® å® æ §ã «ã ã ¬ã ã £ã ã ªçµ æ ã ã ã ã ã ã ¦ã ã ã æ è¦ æ ¬ç  ç©¶ç ç ®ç æ ¯è© ä¼°å ç«¥ç §é¡§é¢¨é ªç è å¼±æ §æ ¯å ¦å­ å ¨æ §å ¥å·®ç °, ä½ è æ ¹æ ç ¢å¾ 2è ³18å æ ç ç ¢å©¦æ 鬱ç ç ç è» è·¡, å å ç«¥å ¨å¹¼å æ ç é¡ å® ä¾ é å® å ¨æ è© ä¼°, ä¸¦èª¿æ ´æ¯ è¦ªç 社æ æ ¯æ å äººå £é¢¨é ªã ç  ç©¶å æ ä½¿ç ¨å¾ 182å ä¾ è ªç¶ æ¿ å¤ æ¨£å è æ ¯ç ç¾ å é æ´²è£ æ¯ å­ äº äººçµ å ç 縱å æ ¸æ ã å è è å ¨å­©å­ å ºç æ æ å , ç ¶å¾ è· é ²å °ç ¢å¾ 18å æ ã æ¢ ä»¶æ½ å ¨ç é ·æ¨¡å ç çµ æ 表æ , é ¨è æ é ç æ ¨ç§», æ¯ è¦ªæ 鬱ç ç ç å¢ å  ç , è² é ¢å °é  æ¸¬å¹¼å ç ä¾ é å® å ¨æ ã è¼ é« ç 社æ æ ¯æ è æ¯ è¦ªæ 鬱ç ç ç é ä½ ç ¸é , è è¼ é« ç äººå £é¢¨é ªè æ¯ è¦ªæ 鬱ç ç ç å¢ å  ç ¸é ã é ¨å¾ ç å¤ çµ æ¢ ä»¶æ½ å ¨ç é ·æ¨¡å å æ 顯示, å ç«¥æ §å ¥ç·©å é é ä¿ ã å° æ ¼ç ·å­© (ä½ ä¸ æ ¯å¥³å­©) , æ¯ è¦ªæ 鬱ç ç ç å¿«é å¢ å  è 18å æ æ è¼ ä½ ç ä¾ é å® å ¨æ æ é ã é äº ç  ç©¶çµ æ 表æ , è å¥³å­©ç ¸æ¯ , ç ·å­©å ¯è ½æ ´å®¹æ å å °æ ©æ ç §é¡§é¢¨é ª, ä¾ å¦ ç ¢å©¦æ 鬱ç , å° å¹¼å æ æ¯ å­ ä¾ é å® å ¨æ å¸¶ä¾ ç è² é ¢å½±é ¿ãPeer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/135990/1/imhj21617.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/135990/2/imhj21617_am.pd

Evaluation of vacuum bonded GaAs/Si spin-valve transistors

In this article a new type of spin-valve transistor, a hybrid GaAs/Si device, is presented. In this device the Si emitter is replaced by a GaAs emitter launcher structure. The integration of the GaAs with the Si was done by means of a room temperature vacuum bonding technique. By using a soft NiFe/Au/Co spin-valve structure as metal base, a 63% change in collector current is obtained at room temperature for a saturation field of 30 Oe. The corresponding in-plane magnetoresistance is only 1%

Brain MR Spectroscopy Changes Precede Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration Phenoconversion in Mapt Mutation Carriers.

Background and purposeThe objective of this study was to longitudinally investigate the trajectory of change in 1 H MRS measurements in asymptomatic MAPT mutation carriers who became symptomatic during follow-up, and to determine the time at which the neurochemical alterations accelerated during disease progression.MethodsWe identified eight MAPT mutations carriers who transitioned from asymptomatic to symptomatic disease during follow-up. All participants were longitudinally followed with an average of 7.75 years (range 4-11 years) and underwent two or more single voxel 1 H MRS examinations from the posterior cingulate voxel, with a total of 60 examinations. The rate of longitudinal change for each metabolite was estimated using linear mixed models. A flex point model was used to estimate the flex time point of the change in slope.ResultsThe decrease in the NAA/mI ratio accelerated 2.09 years prior to symptom onset, and continued to decline. A similar trajectory was observed in the presumed glial marker mI/Cr ratio accelerating 1.86 years prior to symptom onset.ConclusionsOur findings support the potential use of longitudinal 1 H MRS for monitoring the neurodegenerative progression in MAPT mutation carriers starting from the asymptomatic stage

Does amyloid deposition produce a specific atrophic signature in cognitively normal subjects?☆

The objective of our study was to evaluate whether cognitively normal (CN) elderly participants showing elevated cortical beta-amyloid (Aβ) deposition have a consistent neuroanatomical signature of brain atrophy that may characterize preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD). 115 CN participants who were Aβ-positive (CN +) by amyloid PET imaging; 115 CN participants who were Aβ-negative (CN −); and 88 Aβ-positive mild cognitive impairment or AD participants (MCI/AD +) were identified. Cortical thickness (FreeSurfer) and gray matter volume (SPM5) were measured for 28 regions-of-interest (ROIs) across the brain and compared across groups. ROIs that best discriminated CN − from CN + differed for FreeSurfer cortical thickness and SPM5 gray matter volume. Group-wise discrimination was poor with a high degree of uncertainty in terms of the rank ordering of ROIs. In contrast, both techniques showed strong and consistent findings comparing MCI/AD + to both CN − and CN + groups, with entorhinal cortex, middle and inferior temporal lobe, inferior parietal lobe, and hippocampus providing the best discrimination for both techniques. Concordance across techniques was higher for the CN − and CN + versus MCI/AD + comparisons, compared to the CN − versus CN + comparison. The weak and inconsistent nature of the findings across technique in this study cast doubt on the existence of a reliable neuroanatomical signature of preclinical AD in elderly PiB-positive CN participants

Zeta Potential Measurement and Particle Size Analysis for a Better Understanding of Urinary Inhibitors of Calcium Oxalate Crystallization

To better understand urinary inhibitors of calcium oxalate crystallization, both zeta potential measurement and particle size analysis were chosen to illustrate: (1) the potential therapeutic efficacy of G872, a semi-synthetic sulfated polysaccharide, in stone prevention; and (2) the relative contribution of various urinary fractions {e.g., ultrafiltered urine (UFU), Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP), urinary polyanionsprecipitated with cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), urinary macromolecular substances with different concentration ratios (UMSl0,50,90 and UMS\u27l0,50,90) and THP-free urine (THPFU)} to total urinary inhibitory activity. The results showed: (1) addition of G872 significantly enhances urinary inhibitory activity and negative zeta potential values; (2) re-addition of the CPC to UFU completely restores urinary inhibitory activity; and (3) artificial urines prepared by mixing UMS\u27 10,50,90 from THPFU with UFU differed in inhibitory activity from that prepared by mixing UMSl0,50,90 from a pooled normal urine with UFU. Based on these experimental results, the following speculations can be made: (1) normal human urines are considered to be a protective colloidal system; (2) urinary inhibitory activity originates mainly from CPC and/or UMS; (3) normal THP is a protective material to maintain urinary inhibitory activity; and (4) mutual interaction between urinary inhibitors may change the total urinary inhibitory activity

Rates of lobar atrophy in asymptomatic MAPT mutation carriers.

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to investigate the rates of lobar atrophy in the asymptomatic microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) mutation carriers.MethodsMAPT mutation carriers (n = 14; 10 asymptomatic, 4 converters from asymptomatic to symptomatic) and noncarriers (n = 13) underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging and were followed annually with a median of 9.2 years. Longitudinal changes in lobar atrophy were analyzed using the tensor-based morphometry with symmetric normalization algorithm.ResultsThe rate of temporal lobe atrophy in asymptomatic MAPT mutation carriers was faster than that in noncarriers. Although the greatest rate of atrophy was observed in the temporal lobe in converters, they also had increased atrophy rates in the frontal and parietal lobes compared to noncarriers.DiscussionAccelerated decline in temporal lobe volume occurs in asymptomatic MAPT mutation carriers followed by the frontal and parietal lobe in those who have become symptomatic. The findings have implications for monitoring the progression of neurodegeneration during clinical trials in asymptomatic MAPT mutation carriers

Bryozoan genera Fenestrulina and Microporella no longer confamilial; multi-gene phylogeny supports separation

Bryozoans are a moderately diverse, mostly marine phylum with a fossil record extending to the early Ordovician. Compared to other phyla, little is known about their phylogenetic relationships at both lower and higher taxonomic levels. Hence, an effort is being made to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships among bryozoans. Here, we present newly sequenced nuclear and mitochondrial genes for 21 cheilostome bryozoans and compile these with existing orthologous molecular data. Using these data, we focus on reconstructing the phylogenetic relationships of Fenestrulina and Microporella, two species-rich genera. They are currently placed in a globally distributed family, Microporellidae, defined by having a semicircular primary orifice and a proximal ascopore, although there are indirect inferences in the morphological literature that suggest they might not be confamilial. Our six-gene phylogenetic analysis reveals that the genera Fenestrulina and Microporella are each monophyletic, with the sister clade to Microporella comprising non-microporellids. These genera thus have a polyphyletic relationship and should not be placed in the same family. Our result supports the reinstatement of the family Fenestrulinidae Jullien, 1888 for Fenestrulina and genera with comparable frontal shield and ooecial morphologies. Our well-supported phylogeny based on independent molecular data lends credit to existing phylogenetic hypotheses based on morphological observations but does not conform to the current classification of these particular bryozoans. This illustrates the general need for a rethink of bryozoan higher-level systematics, ideally based on both morphological and molecular data

Pathological and Immunocytochemical Changes in Chronic Calcium Oxalate Nephrolithiasis in the Rat

In the present study, we exposed rats to a crystal-inducing diet (CID) consisting of vitamin D3 and 0.5% ethylene glycol (EG), and we investigated histologically the kidney damage induced by the deposition of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals. After 28 days, 50 % of the animals had renal CaOx crystals, of which 60% also had small papillary stones. Most crystals were present in the cortex. The occurrence of these crystals coincided with morphological and cytochemical changes: glomerular damage, tubular dilatation and necrosis, and an enlargement of the interstitium. The number of epithelial and interstitial cells positive for the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was increased. Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) was not only demonstrable in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (TAL), but also frequently in glomeruli, in the proximal tubular epithelium, and in the papilla. In the lumen of the tubular system, it was associated with urinary casts. Reflection contrast microscopy (RCM) showed that the crystals were coated with a thin layer of THP. In spite of the high urinary oxalate concentrations, the above described cellular changes were not observed in CID-fed rats without renal crystals. We conclude, therefore, that in the kidney, the retained CaOx crystals rather than the urinary oxalate ions are responsible for the observed morphological and immunocytochemical changes

A Comprehensive Resource for Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Patients with Primary Tauopathies.

Primary tauopathies are characterized neuropathologically by inclusions containing abnormal forms of the microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) and clinically by diverse neuropsychiatric, cognitive, and motor impairments. Autosomal dominant mutations in the MAPT gene cause heterogeneous forms of frontotemporal lobar degeneration with tauopathy (FTLD-Tau). Common and rare variants in the MAPT gene increase the risk for sporadic FTLD-Tau, including progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal degeneration (CBD). We generated a collection of fibroblasts from 140 MAPT mutation/risk variant carriers, PSP, CBD, and cognitively normal controls; 31 induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from MAPT mutation carriers, non-carrier family members, and autopsy-confirmed PSP patients; 33 genome engineered iPSCs that were corrected or mutagenized; and forebrain neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Here, we present a resource of fibroblasts, iPSCs, and NPCs with comprehensive clinical histories that can be accessed by the scientific community for disease modeling and development of novel therapeutics for tauopathies