841 research outputs found
Mapping environmental injustices: pitfalls and potential of geographic information systems in assessing environmental health and equity.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have been used increasingly to map instances of environmental injustice, the disproportionate exposure of certain populations to environmental hazards. Some of the technical and analytic difficulties of mapping environmental injustice are outlined in this article, along with suggestions for using GIS to better assess and predict environmental health and equity. I examine 13 GIS-based environmental equity studies conducted within the past decade and use a study of noxious land use locations in the Bronx, New York, to illustrate and evaluate the differences in two common methods of determining exposure extent and the characteristics of proximate populations. Unresolved issues in mapping environmental equity and health include lack of comprehensive hazards databases; the inadequacy of current exposure indices; the need to develop realistic methodologies for determining the geographic extent of exposure and the characteristics of the affected populations; and the paucity and insufficiency of health assessment data. GIS have great potential to help us understand the spatial relationship between pollution and health. Refinements in exposure indices; the use of dispersion modeling and advanced proximity analysis; the application of neighborhood-scale analysis; and the consideration of other factors such as zoning and planning policies will enable more conclusive findings. The environmental equity studies reviewed in this article found a disproportionate environmental burden based on race and/or income. It is critical now to demonstrate correspondence between environmental burdens and adverse health impacts--to show the disproportionate effects of pollution rather than just the disproportionate distribution of pollution sources
Causality in AdS/CFT and Lovelock theory
We explore the constraints imposed on higher curvature corrections of the
Lovelock type due to causality restrictions in the boundary of asymptotically
AdS space-time. In the framework of AdS/CFT, this is related to positivity of
the energy constraints that arise in conformal collider physics. We present
explicit analytic results that fully address these issues for cubic Lovelock
gravity in arbitrary dimensions and give the formal analytic results that
comprehend general Lovelock theory. The computations can be performed in two
ways, both by considering a thermal setup in a black hole background and by
studying the scattering of gravitons with a shock wave in AdS. We show that
both computations coincide in Lovelock theory. The different helicities, as
expected, provide the boundaries defining the region of allowed couplings. We
generalize these results to arbitrary higher dimensions and discuss their
consequences on the shear viscosity to energy density ratio of CFT plasmas, the
possible existence of Boulware-Deser instabilities in Lovelock theory and the
extent to which the AdS/CFT correspondence might be valid for arbitrary
dimensions.Comment: 35 pages, 20 figures; v2: minor amendments and clarifications
include
Methods for measuring fluoroscopic skin dose
This paper briefly reviews available technologies for measuring or estimating patient skin dose in the interventional fluoroscopic environment
Lovelock theories, holography and the fate of the viscosity bound
We consider Lovelock theories of gravity in the context of AdS/CFT. We show
that, for these theories, causality violation on a black hole background can
occur well in the interior of the geometry, thus posing more stringent
constraints than were previously found in the literature. Also, we find that
instabilities of the geometry can appear for certain parameter values at any
point in the geometry, as well in the bulk as close to the horizon. These new
sources of causality violation and instability should be related to CFT
features that do not depend on the UV behavior. They solve a puzzle found
previously concerning unphysical negative values for the shear viscosity that
are not ruled out solely by causality restrictions. We find that, contrary to
previous expectations, causality violation is not always related to positivity
of energy. Furthermore, we compute the bound for the shear viscosity to entropy
density ratio of supersymmetric conformal field theories from d=4 till d=10 -
i.e., up to quartic Lovelock theory -, and find that it behaves smoothly as a
function of d. We propose an approximate formula that nicely fits these values
and has a nice asymptotic behavior when d goes to infinity for any Lovelock
gravity. We discuss in some detail the latter limit. We finally argue that it
is possible to obtain increasingly lower values for the shear viscosity to
entropy density ratio by the inclusion of more Lovelock terms.Comment: 42 pages, 17 figures, JHEP3.cls. v2: reference adde
Holographic Lovelock Gravities and Black Holes
We study holographic implications of Lovelock gravities in AdS spacetimes.
For a generic Lovelock gravity in arbitrary spacetime dimensions we formulate
the existence condition for asymptotically AdS black holes. We consider small
fluctuations around these black holes and determine the constraint on Lovelock
parameters by demanding causality of the boundary theory. For the case of cubic
Lovelock gravity in seven spacetime dimensions we compute the holographic Weyl
anomaly and determine the three point functions of the stress energy tensor in
the boundary CFT. Remarkably, these correlators happen to satisfy the same
relation as the one imposed by supersymmetry. We then compute the energy flux;
requiring it to be positive is shown to be completely equivalent to requiring
causality of the finite temperature CFT dual to the black hole. These
constraints are not stringent enough to place any positive lower bound on the
value of viscosity. Finally, we conjecture an expression for the energy flux
valid for any Lovelock theory in arbitrary dimensions.Comment: 31 pages, 1 figure, harvmac, references added, calculation of
viscosity/entropy ratio include
A unified model for age-velocity dispersion relations in Local Group galaxies: Disentangling ISM turbulence and latent dynamical heating
We analyze age-velocity dispersion relations (AVRs) from kinematics of individual stars in eight Local Group galaxies ranging in mass from Carina () to M31 (). Observationally the vs. stellar age trends can be interpreted as dynamical heating of the stars by GMCs, bars/spiral arms, or merging subhalos; alternatively the stars could have simply been born out of a more turbulent ISM at high redshift and retain that larger velocity dispersion till present day - consistent with recent IFU studies. To ascertain the dominant mechanism and better understand the impact of instabilities and feedback, we develop models based on observed SFHs of these Local Group galaxies in order to create an evolutionary formalism which describes the ISM velocity dispersion due to a galaxy's evolving gas fraction. These empirical models relax the common assumption that the stars are born from gas which has constant velocity dispersion at all redshifts. Using only the observed SFHs as input, the ISM velocity dispersion and a mid-plane scattering model fits the observed AVRs of low mass galaxies without fine tuning. Higher mass galaxies above need a larger contribution from latent dynamical heating processes (for example minor mergers), in excess of the ISM model. Using the SFHs we also find that supernovae feedback does not appear to be a dominant driver of the gas velocity dispersion compared to gravitational instabilities - at least for dispersions km/s. Together our results point to stars being born with a velocity dispersion close to that of the gas at the time of their formation, with latent dynamical heating operating with a galaxy mass-dependent efficiency. These semi-empirical relations may help constrain the efficiency of feedback and its impact on the physics of disk settling in galaxy formation simulations
Black Holes in Quasi-topological Gravity
We construct a new gravitational action which includes cubic curvature
interactions and which provides a useful toy model for the holographic study of
a three parameter family of four- and higher-dimensional CFT's. We also
investigate the black hole solutions of this new gravity theory. Further we
examine the equations of motion of quasi-topological gravity. While the full
equations in a general background are fourth-order in derivatives, we show that
the linearized equations describing gravitons propagating in the AdS vacua
match precisely the second-order equations of Einstein gravity.Comment: 33 pages, 4 figures; two references adde
Is there a role for Digital X-ray Radiogrammetry as surrogate marker for radiological progression and imaging of structural integrity in rheumatoid arthritis?
Universality and exactness of Schrodinger geometries in string and M-theory
We propose an organizing principle for classifying and constructing
Schrodinger-invariant solutions within string theory and M-theory, based on the
idea that such solutions represent nonlinear completions of linearized vector
and graviton Kaluza-Klein excitations of AdS compactifications. A crucial
simplification, derived from the symmetry of AdS, is that the nonlinearities
appear only quadratically. Accordingly, every AdS vacuum admits infinite
families of Schrodinger deformations parameterized by the dynamical exponent z.
We exhibit the ease of finding these solutions by presenting three new
constructions: two from M5 branes, both wrapped and extended, and one from the
D1-D5 (and S-dual F1-NS5) system. From the boundary perspective, perturbing a
CFT by a null vector operator can lead to nonzero beta-functions for spin-2
operators; however, symmetry restricts them to be at most quadratic in
couplings. This point of view also allows us to easily prove nonrenormalization
theorems: for any Sch(z) solution of two-derivative supergravity constructed in
the above manner, z is uncorrected to all orders in higher derivative
corrections if the deforming KK mode lies in a short multiplet of an AdS
supergroup. Furthermore, we find infinite classes of 1/4 BPS solutions with
4-,5- and 7-dimensional Schrodinger symmetry that are exact.Comment: 31 pages, plus appendices; v2, minor corrections, added refs, slight
change in interpretation in section 2.3, new Schrodinger and Lifshitz
solutions included; v3, clarifications in sections 2 and 3 regarding
existence of solutions and multi-trace operator
2-Year EEG follow-up of 24 children with frequent interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDS) in the spectrum of benign focal childhood epilepsies : correlation of IED changes with changes in medication and seizure frequency
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