53 research outputs found
Analytical method of determining transmission of particles and radiation through great thickness of matter
Preliminary Investigation of a Ceramic Lining for a Combustion Chamber for Gas-turbine Use
Combustion chamber liners for gas turbines and experimental set-ups were tested for failure. A ceramic-lined test chamber was operated at fuel/air ratios up to 0.050. Thermal-shock evaluation indicated that a ceramic lining, which expands after firing, would crack but would not fall apart during operation. Refractoriness of the lining and the resistance to mechanical shock were adequate. In general, shell temperature reductions of approximately 400 deg F were effected by the use of this lining at fuel/air ratios of 0.016 and 0.050. The mechanism of failure of the ceramic lining was induced by sudden heating and cooling during operation
Correlation of physical properties of ceramic materials with resistance to fracture by thermal shock
An analysis is made to determine which properties of materials affect their resistance to fracture by thermal stresses.From this analysis, a parameter is evaluated that is correlated with the resistance of ceramic materials to fracture by thermal shock as experimentally determined. This parameter may be used to predict qualitatively the resistance of a material to fracture by thermal shock. Resistance to fracture by thermal shock is shown to be dependent upon the following material properties: thermal conductivity, tensile strength, thermal expansion, and ductility modulus. For qualitative prediction of resistance of materials to fracture by thermal shock, the parameter may be expressed as the product of thermal conductivity and tensile strength divided by the product of linear coefficient of thermal expansion and ductility modulus of the specimen
The high-velocity outflow in the proto-planetary nebula Hen 3-1475
The proto-planetary nebula Hen 3-1475 shows a remarkable highly collimated
optical jet with an S-shaped string of three pairs of knots and extremely high
velocities. We present here a detailed analysis of the overall morphology,
kinematic structure and the excitation conditions of these knots based on deep
ground-based high dispersion spectroscopy complemented with high spatial
resolution spectroscopy obtained with STIS onboard HST, and WFPC2 [N II]
images. The spectra obtained show double-peaked, extremely wide emission line
profiles, and a decrease of the radial velocities with distance to the source
in a step-like fashion. We find that the emission line ratios observed in the
intermediate knots are consistent with a spectrum arising from the
recombination region of a shock wave with shock velocities ranging from 100 to
150 km/s. We propose that the ejection velocity is varying as a function of
time with a quasi-periodic variability (with timescale of the order of 100
years) and the direction of ejection is also varying with a precession period
of the order of 1500 years.Comment: 19 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in A&
Spitzer/IRS spectroscopy of high mass precursors to planetary nebulae
We present Spitzer/IRS observations of a small sample of heavily obscured
IRAS sources displaying both the infrared and OH maser emission characteristic
of OH/IR stars on the asymptotic giant branch (AGB), but also radio continuum
emission typical of ionized planetary nebulae (PNe), the so-called OHPNe. Our
observations show that their mid-infrared spectra are dominated by the
simultaneous presence of strong and broad amorphous silicate absorption
features together with crystalline silicate features, originated in their
O-rich circumstellar shells. Out of the five sources observed, three of them
are clearly non-variable at infrared wavelengths, confirming their post-AGB
status, while the remaining two still show strong photometric fluctuations, and
may still have not yet departed from the AGB. One of the non-variable sources
in the sample, IRAS 17393-2727, displays a strong [Ne II] nebular emission at
12.8 microns, indicating that the ionization of its central region has already
started. This suggests a rapid evolution from the AGB to the PN stage. We
propose that these heavily obscured OHPNe represent the population of high mass
precursors to PNe in our Galaxy.Comment: To appear in The Astrophysical Journal Letters (scheduled in the 2007
September 1 issue
HE 3-1475 AND ITS JETS
We present spectra and high-resolution images taken with HST, the NTT, the
VLA, and the MPIA/ESO 2.2m of the emission-line star He 3-1475 which we suggest
is a post-AGB star. The star is at the origin of a 15-arcsec-long structure
containing symmetrically opposing bright knots. The knots have radial
velocities of about 500 km/s from the center of He 3-1475 to the ends of the
jets. HST snapshots show that the core of He 3-1475 is unipolar with a star at
the SE end and the nebula fanning out toward the NW. VLA observations show the
presence of OH masers, which are positioned parallel to the optical jets. A
model is proposed that accounts for all of the observational data. This unusual
object may link the OH/IR stars having extreme outflow velocities with highly
bipolar planetary nebulae.Comment: 14 pages, uu-encoded postcript. 6 figures available on request from
Matt Bobrowski ([email protected]
Evidence for binarity in the bipolar planetary nebulae A79, He2-428 and M1-91
We present low and high resolution long-slit spectra of three bipolar
planetary nebulae (PNe) with bright central cores: A79, He2-428 and M1-91.
He2-428 and M1-91 have high density (from 10^3.3 to 10^6.5 cm^-3) unresolved
nebular cores that indicate that strong mass loss/exchange phenomena are
occurring close to their central stars. An F0 star is found at the centre of
symmetry of A79; its reddening and distance are consistent with the association
of the star with the nebula. The spectrum of the core of He2-428 shows
indications of the presence of a hot star with red excess emission, probably
arising in a late-type companion. A79 is one of the richest PNe in N and He,
the abundances of M1-91 are at the lower end of the range spanned by bipolar
PNe, and He2-428 shows very low abundances, similar to those measured for halo
PNe. The extended nebulae of A79 and He2-428 have inclined equatorial rings
expanding at a velocity of approx. 15 km/s, with kinematical ages 10^4 yr. The
association of these aged, extended nebulae with a dense nebular core (He2-428)
or a relatively late type star (A79) is interpreted as evidence for the
binarity of their nuclei.Comment: 13 pages including 8 tables. A&A accepted; also available at
http://www.iac.es/publicaciones/preprints.htm
A spectroscopic atlas of post-AGB stars and planetary nebulae selected from the IRAS Point Source Catalogue
Aims: We study the optical spectral properties of a sample of stars showing
far infrared colours similar to those of well-known planetary nebulae. The
large majority of them were unidentified sources or poorly known in the
literature at the time when this spectroscopic survey started, some 15 years
ago.
Methods: We present low-resolution optical spectroscopy, finding charts and
improved astrometric coordinates of a sample of 253 IRAS sources.
Results: We have identified 103 sources as post-AGB stars, 21 as ``transition
sources'', and 36 as planetary nebulae, some of them strongly reddened. Among
the rest of sources in the sample, we were also able to identify 38 young
stellar objects, 5 peculiar stars, and 2 Seyfert galaxies. Up to 49 sources in
our spectroscopic sample do not show any optical counterpart, and most of them
are suggested to be heavily obscured post-AGB stars, rapidly evolving on their
way to becoming planetary nebulae.
Conclusions: An analysis of the galactic distribution of the sources
identified as evolved stars in the sample is presented together with a study of
the distribution of these stars in the IRAS two-colour diagram. Finally, the
spectral type distribution and other properties of the sources identified as
post-AGB in this spectroscopic survey are discussed in the framework of stellar
evolution.Comment: 69 pages, 413 figures. Accepted by Astronomy and Astrophysic
An HST Snapshot Survey of Proto-Planetary Nebulae Candidates: Two Types of Axisymmetric Reflection Nebulosities
We report the results from an optical imaging survey of proto-planetary
nebula candidates using the HST. We exploited the high resolving power and wide
dynamic range of HST and detected nebulosities in 21 of 27 sources. All
detected reflection nebulosities show elongation, and the nebula morphology
bifurcates depending on the degree of the central star obscuration. The
Star-Obvious Low-level-Elongated (SOLE) nebulae show a bright central star
embedded in a faint, extended nebulosity, whereas the DUst-Prominent
Longitudinally-EXtended (DUPLEX) nebulae have remarkable bipolar structure with
a completely or partially obscured central star. The intrinsic axisymmetry of
these proto-planetary nebula reflection nebulosities demonstrates that the
axisymmetry frequently found in planetary nebulae predates the proto-planetary
nebula phase, confirming previous independent results. We suggest that
axisymmetry in proto-planetary nebulae is created by an equatorially enhanced
superwind at the end of the asymptotic giant branch phase. We discuss that the
apparent morphological dichotomy is caused by a difference in the optical
thickness of the circumstellar dust/gas shell with a differing equator-to-pole
density contrast. Moreover, we show that SOLE and DUPLEX nebulae are physically
distinct types of proto-planetary nebulae, with a suggestion that higher mass
progenitor AGB stars are more likely to become DUPLEX proto-planetary nebulae.Comment: 27 pages (w/ aaspp4.sty), 6 e/ps figures, 4 tables (w/ apjpt4.sty).
Data images are available via ADIL
(http://imagelib.ncsa.uiuc.edu/document/99.TU.01) To be published in Ap
Landslide Risk Assessment by Using a New Combination Model Based on a Fuzzy Inference System Method
Landslides are one of the most dangerous phenomena that pose widespread damage to property and human lives. Over the recent decades, a large number of models have been developed for landslide risk assessment to prevent the natural hazards. These models provide a systematic approach to assess the risk value of a typical landslide. However, often models only utilize the numerical data to formulate a problem of landslide risk assessment and neglect the valuable information provided by experts’ opinion. This leads to an inherent uncertainty in the process of modelling. On the other hand, fuzzy inference systems are among the most powerful techniques in handling the inherent uncertainty. This paper develops a powerful model based on fuzzy inference system that uses both numerical data and subjective information to formulate the landslide risk more reliable and accurate. The results show that the proposed model is capable of assessing the landslide risk index. Likewise, the performance of the proposed model is better in comparison with that of the conventional techniques
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