Interacción madre-hijo en el desarrollo del temperamento infantil

Introducción: Numerosos estudios han puesto de relieve el papel fundamental que desempeñan los padres en el desarrollo social y emocional del niño desde sus primeros días. El interés en el estudio diádico ha estado centrado durante muchos años en el papel unidireccional de la influencia del progenitor sobre su hijo, pero lejos de tratarse de una transacción unívoca, los hallazgos empíricos ponen de relieve el papel fundamental del niño sobre el funcionamiento de la díada, y las propias características del niño que podrían modificar ciertos aspectos de la ya consolidada estructura de sus padres. Objetivos: 1) Analizar el efecto del estado mental de la madre, sus habilidades de afrontamiento y acontecimientos vitales estresantes sobre diferentes aspectos del temperamento infantil y de la autovaloración de la madre como cuidadora, 2) Analizar el efecto modulador que sobre esta relación puedan tener determinadas variables sociodemográficas parentales, médicas y obstétricas, y 3) Comprobar el funcionamiento de la versión española de la escala para la evaluación del temperamento infantil EAS en la muestra estudiada y en una muestra independiente. Diseño: estudio longitudinal prospectivo de una cohorte de N =317 niños y sus respectivas madres, evaluada desde los 3 primeros días posteriores al nacimiento con seguimiento en diferentes períodos de tiempo a las 8 y 32 semanas, 18 y 42 meses. Para la ejecución del tercer objetivo, se obtuvo una muestra tranversal de 143 niños de 42 meses y se evaluó su temperamento mediante el cuestionario EAS heteroinformado por su padre y su madre. Resultados: Los resultados indican que las madres con mayores niveles de depresión (p=0,016) y de ansiedad (p=0,004) puntúan de manera más elevada el rasgo emocionalidad de sus hijos rasgo emocionalidad de sus hijos a los 42 meses. Los resultados indican que las madres más extravertidas tienen hijos con rasgos de Emocionalidad (p=0,021) y de Timidez menos intensos (p=0,030). Los resultados indican que no hay diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la escala EAS a los 42 meses según el rasgo Neuroticismo ni Psicoticismo. Discusión y conclusiones: Los niños con madres más ansiosas y deprimidas presentan mayor irritabilidad, son menos fáciles de apaciguar y las propias madres se encuentran más ansiosas o inseguras y se perciben a sí mismas como menos autoeficaces, con menor facilidad para el cuidado de su hijo. Los niños con las madres más inestables puntúan de manera más elevada en el rasgo Emocionalidad. Existe una tendencia claramente definida en ambos instrumentos, pero por otra, sí que se han encontrado diferencias estadísticamente significativas en alguno de sus componentes con el paso del tiempo. La dirección de la percepción subjetiva de cada padre se encuentra en un punto aproximado, sin embargo, existen pequeñas divergencias en cuanto al componente actividad, cuya puntuación es mayor si el bebé es evaluado por su madre que por su padre. Sólo las madres más introvertidas y neuróticas obtienen puntuaciones elevadas en ansiedad y depresión. Existe una relación positiva y significativa entre los niveles elevados de ansiedad-depresión y el uso de las siguientes estrategias de apoyo social, aceptación, autoinculpación, negación, creencias religiosas o espirituales y planificación, por lo que no parece que el nivel de ansiedad y estrés determine el uso de peores estrategias de afrontamiento. Existe una relación entre el estado mental de la madre y el número de experiencia vitales, sin embargo, otras variables como el estado civil, el número de hijos, personas que conviven en el hogar, nivel educativo y situación laboral, no parecen mostrar su efecto sobre la ansiedad y depresión materna.Background: Many scientific studies have emphasized the fundamental role of parents in social and emotional development of child from his very first days of existence. Recent empirical evidence has underscored the relevance of the infant over this dyadic system, in a way that child’s characteristics could modify certain aspects of the well-established structure of his parents. In sum, this study was intended to: 1) analyze the interactive effect of maternal mental health (i.e. Depression, anxiety and personality), over newborn’s temperament until 42 months later, 2) examine stressful life events and other sociodemographic factors that may influence this interaction, and 3) dig into a plausible predictive model of infant temperament. Methods: Design. Longitudinal prospective study of 317 mother-baby dyads, assessed from the first 3 days of living, and followed at 2, 8, 18 and 42 months. Participants Initial sample was constituted by 314 children who were born at the Clinical University Hospital of Valencia from November 2004 to November 2005. Results: Mothers with higher levels of depression and anxiety perceived themselves as less self-confident in caretaking (p=0.018), feeding (p=0.003) and globally (p=0.000) than those with lower affective intensity. Shier babies were characteristic of introverted mothers at both 18 (p=0,030) and 42 months (p=0.008). Higher neuroticism mothers had more responsive-alerted children (p=0.039) and were less confident at feeding (p=0.027) than more stable mothers at 2 months but no differences were found at 8 months in the MABS, neither in the EAS at 18 and 42 months. Discussion: Mothers with higher levels of anxiety, depression and extraversion end up with more irritable, difficult to mellow and negative emotional children, and at the same time, feel overeager and with lack of self-confidence to caregiving. Emotionality had fair evidence of being influenced by self-regulation, mother global confidence and father educational level

Lifestyle changes and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: A repeated, cross-sectional web survey

This study aimed to compare self-reported changes on lifestyle behaviors during two phases of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain, and to evaluate clinical and sociodemographic factors associated with lifestyles. Methods: Two cross-sectional web surveys were conducted during lockdown (April 15-May 15, 2020) and seven months later (November 16-December 16, 2020). Lifestyle behaviors were self-reported by a multidimensional scale (SMILE-C). Two separate samples of respondents were analyzed. A multivariate regression model was performed to evaluate the association of SMILE-C scores with demographic and clinical variables. Results: The sample comprised, 3412 participants from the first survey (S1) and in the S1 and 3635 from the second (S2). SMILE-C score decreased across surveys (p < 0.001). The rates of positive screenings for depression and anxiety were similar between the surveys, whereas those for alcohol abuse decreased (p < 0.001). Most participants in S2 reported that their lifestyle had not changed compared to those before the pandemic. Variables independently associated with an unhealthier lifestyle were working as an essential worker, lower educational level, previous mental disease, worse self-rated health, totally/moderate changes on diet, sleep or social support, as well as positive screenings for alcohol abuse, anxiety and depression. Limitations: The cross-sectional design and recruitment by non-probabilistic methods limit inferring causality and the external validity of the results.Instituto Carlos III, PI16/01770Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, PI15/00283, PI18/0080

Lifestyle in undergraduate students and demographically matched controls during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain

Few studies have used a multidimensional approach to describe lifestyle changes among undergraduate students during the COVID-19 pandemic or have included controls. This study aimed to evaluate lifestyle behaviors and mental health of undergraduate students and compare them with an age and sex-matched control group. A cross-sectional web survey using snowball sampling was conducted several months after the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. A sample of 221 students was recruited. The main outcome was the total SMILE-C score. Students showed a better SMILE-C score than controls (79.8 + 8.1 vs. 77.2 + 8.3; p < 0.001), although these differences disappeared after controlling for covariates. While groups did not differ in the screenings of depression and alcohol abuse, students reported lower rates of anxiety (28.5% vs. 37.1%; p = 0.042). A lower number of cohabitants, poorer self-perceived health and positive screening for depression and anxiety, or for depression only were independently associated (p < 0.05) with unhealthier lifestyles in both groups. History of mental illness and financial difficulties were predictors of unhealthier lifestyles for students, whereas totally/moderate changes in substance abuse and stress management (p < 0.05) were predictors for the members of the control group. Several months after the pandemic, undergraduate students and other young adults had similar lifestyles

Lack of association between endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) gene polymorphisms and suicide attempts

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Objective</p> <p>The aim of this study is to investigate the association between two polymorphisms of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) and suicide attempts.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We genotyped 186 suicide attempters and 420 unrelated healthy controls. The following polymorphisms were analysed: T-786C and 27-bp repeat in intron 4.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>No significant differences were found in genotype or in allelic distribution of the aforesaid polymorphisms. There were also no differences in the genotype distribution or allelic frequencies when separately assessing males and females or impulsive and non-impulsive attempters and normal controls. Estimated haplotype frequencies were similar in both groups.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our data do not support the hypothesis that genetically determined changes in the NOS3 gene confer increased susceptibility for suicidal behavior.</p

Gender differences in addiction severity

Gender has been associated with substance use disorders (SUD). However, there are few studies that have evaluated gender differences in a global and a standardized way, and with a large sample of patients with SUD. Our goal is to analyze the role of gender in addiction severity throughout multiple life domains, using the Addiction Severity Index-6 (ASI-6). A naturalistic, multicenter and prospective study was conducted. A total of 221 patients with SUD (80.1% men) were interviewed with the ASI-6. Our results indicate that the Recent Summary Scores (RSSs) of men and women are similar, with the exception of Psychiatric and Partner- Problems, where women showed higher severity (p = .017 and p = .013, respectively). Statistically significant gender differences were found in certain aspects of the ASI-6 domains: men have more problems of physical health, legal issues, and alcohol and other substance use; and woman score higher in problems of mental health, social network, subjective evaluations of SUD consequences, and treatment needs. These results should be taken into account to improve the identification, prevention, and treatment of SUD.Se ha descrito que el género es un factor que condiciona los trastornos por uso de sustancias (TUS). Sin embargo, hay pocos estudios que hayan evaluado esas diferencias de género de manera global, estandarizada y en una muestra amplia de pacientes con TUS. Nuestro objetivo es analizar el rol del género en la gravedad de la adicción a través de los diversos dominios de vida mediante el Addiction Severity Index-6 (ASI-6). Se llevó a cabo un estudio naturalístico, multicéntrico y prospectivo con una muestra compuesta por 221 pacientes con TUS (80,1% hombres). Los participantes fueron entrevistados con el ASI-6. Los resultados han mostrado que las Puntuaciones Sumarias Recientes (PSRs) son similares entre hombres y mujeres a excepción de las correspondientes a Salud mental y Pareja- Problemas, donde las mujeres presentan mayor gravedad (p = 0,017 y p = 0,013, respectivamente). Por otra parte, se han encontrado diferencias estadísticamente significativas e diversos aspectos concretos de las áreas contempladas por el ASI-6, que indican que los hombres presentan más problemas en cuanto a salud física, cuestiones legales y uso de alcohol y drogas, y la mujeres en salud mental, red social y la valoración subjetiva sobre las consecuencias del TUS y la necesidad de tratamiento. Estos resultados deben tenerse en cuenta a la hora de implementar una mejora en la identificación, prevención y tratamiento de los TUS

Lifestyle in undergraduate students and demographically matched controls during the covid-19 pandemic in Spain

Few studies have used a multidimensional approach to describe lifestyle changes among undergraduate students during the COVID-19 pandemic or have included controls. This study aimed to evaluate lifestyle behaviors and mental health of undergraduate students and compare them with an age and sex-matched control group. A cross-sectional web survey using snowball sampling was conducted several months after the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. A sample of 221 students was recruited. The main outcome was the total SMILE-C score. Students showed a better SMILE-C score than controls (79.8 +- 8.1 vs. 77.2 +- 8.3; p < 0.001), although these differences disappeared after controlling for covariates. While groups did not differ in the screenings of depression and alcohol abuse, students reported lower rates of anxiety (28.5% vs. 37.1%; p = 0.042). A lower number of cohabitants, poorer self-perceived health and positive screening for depression and anxiety, or for depression only were independently associated (p < 0.05) with unhealthier lifestyles in both groups. History of mental illness and financial difficulties were predictors of unhealthier lifestyles for students, whereas totally/moderate changes in substance abuse and stress management (p < 0.05) were predictors for the members of the control group. Several months after the pandemic, undergraduate students and other young adults had similar lifestyles

Cortical thinning over two years after first-episode psychosis depends on age of onset

First-episode psychosis (FEP) patients show structural brain abnormalities at the first episode. Whether the cortical changes that follow a FEP are progressive and whether age at onset modulates these changes remains unclear. This is a multicenter MRI study in a deeply phenotyped sample of 74 FEP patients with a wide age range at onset (15–35 years) and 64 neurotypical healthy controls (HC). All participants underwent two MRI scans with a 2-year follow-up interval. We computed the longitudinal percentage of change (PC) for cortical thickness (CT), surface area (CSA) and volume (CV) for frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes. We used general linear models to assess group differences in PC as a function of age at FEP. We conducted post-hoc analyses for metrics where PC differed as a function of age at onset. We found a significant age-by-diagnosis interaction effect for PC of temporal lobe CT (d = 0.54; p = 002). In a post-hoc-analysis, adolescent-onset (≤19 y) FEP showed more severe longitudinal cortical thinning in the temporal lobe than adolescent HC. We did not find this difference in adult-onset FEP compared to adult HC. Our study suggests that, in individuals with psychosis, CT changes that follow the FEP are dependent on the age at first episode, with those with an earlier onset showing more pronounced cortical thinning in the temporal lobe

Influence of clinical and neurocognitive factors in psychosocial functioning after a first episode non-affective psychosis: differences between males and females

BackgroundDeficits in psychosocial functioning are present in the early stages of psychosis. Several factors, such as premorbid adjustment, neurocognitive performance, and cognitive reserve (CR), potentially influence functionality. Sex differences are observed in individuals with psychosis in multiple domains. Nonetheless, few studies have explored the predictive factors of poor functioning according to sex in first-episode psychosis (FEP). This study aimed to explore sex differences, examine changes, and identify predictors of functioning according to sex after onset.Materials and methodsThe initial sample comprised 588 individuals. However, only adults with non-affective FEP (n = 247, 161 males and 86 females) and healthy controls (n = 224, 142 males and 82 females) were included. A comprehensive assessment including functional, neuropsychological, and clinical scales was performed at baseline and at 2-year follow-up. A linear regression model was used to determine the predictors of functioning at 2-year follow-up.ResultsFEP improved their functionality at follow-up (67.4% of both males and females). In males, longer duration of untreated psychosis (β = 0.328, p = 0.003) and worse premorbid adjustment (β = 0.256, p = 0.023) were associated with impaired functioning at 2-year follow-up, while in females processing speed (β = 0.403, p = 0.003), executive function (β = 0.299, p = 0.020) and CR (β = −0.307, p = 0.012) were significantly associated with functioning.ConclusionOur data indicate that predictors of functioning at 2-year follow-up in the FEP group differ according to sex. Therefore, treatment and preventative efforts may be adjusted taking sex into account. Males may benefit from functional remediation at early stages. Conversely, in females, early interventions centered on CR enhancement and cognitive rehabilitation may be recommended

Tratamientos psicológicos empíricamente apoyados para adultos: Una revisión selectiva

Antecedentes: los tratamientos psicológicos han mostrado su eficacia, efectividad y eficiencia para el abordaje de los trastornos mentales; no obstante, considerando el conocimiento científico generado en los últimos años, no se dispone de trabajos de actualización en español sobre cuáles son los tratamientos psicológicos con respaldo empírico. El objetivo fue realizar una revisión selectiva de los principales tratamientos psicológicos empíricamente apoyados para el abordaje de trastornos mentales en personas adultas. Método: se recogen niveles de evidencia y grados de recomendación en función de los criterios propuestos por el Sistema Nacional de Salud de España (en las Guías de Práctica Clínica) para diferentes trastornos psicológicos. Resultados: los resultados sugieren que los tratamientos psicológicos disponen de apoyo empírico para el abordaje de un amplio elenco de trastornos psicológicos. El grado de apoyo empírico oscila de bajo a alto en función del trastorno psicológico analizado. La revisión sugiere que ciertos campos de intervención necesitan una mayor investigación. Conclusiones: a partir de esta revisión selectiva, los profesionales de la psicología podrán disponer de información rigurosa y actualizada que les permita tomar decisiones informadas a la hora de implementar aquellos procedimientos psicoterapéuticos empíricamente fundamentados en función de las características de las personas que demandan ayuda. Background: Psychological treatments have shown their efficacy, effectiveness, and efficiency in dealing with mental disorders. However, considering the scientific knowledge generated in recent years, in the Spanish context, there are no updating studies about empirically supported psychological treatments. The main goal was to carry out a selective review of the main empirically supported psychological treatments for mental disorders in adults. Method: Levels of evidence and degrees of recommendation were collected based on the criteria proposed by the Spanish National Health System (Clinical Practice Guidelines) for different psychological disorders. Results: The results indicate that psychological treatments have empirical support for the approach to a wide range of psychological disorders. These levels of empirical evidence gathered range from low to high depending on the psychological disorder analysed. The review indicates the existence of certain fields of intervention that need further investigation. Conclusions: Based on this selective review, psychology professionals will be able to have rigorous, up-to-date information that allows them to make informed decisions when implementing empirically based psychotherapeutic procedures based on the characteristics of the people who require help