16 research outputs found

    Characterization of the heterogeneity of B-cell lymphomas and their microenvironment using innovative technologies

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    Les lymphomes sont les 5Ăšmes cancers les plus frĂ©quents en France avec 22 000 cas diagnostiquĂ©s chaque annĂ©e. Une grande hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© clinique et biologique existe au sein de ces tumeurs, et la classification de l’Organisation Mondiale de la SantĂ© distingue prĂšs de 100 entitĂ©s diffĂ©rentes. Cette catĂ©gorisation en sous-groupes a notamment Ă©tĂ© rendue possible par le dĂ©veloppement de la gĂ©nĂ©tique, permettant de scinder des entitĂ©s cliniques en fonction des anomalies biologiques retrouvĂ©es. L’avĂšnement des thĂ©rapies ciblĂ©es, ciblant un mĂ©canisme prĂ©cis de la tumeur, nĂ©cessite de disposer de biomarqueurs permettant d’identifier les patients pouvant bĂ©nĂ©ficier de ces traitements innovants, et de nombreux essais cliniques sont en cours afin de hiĂ©rarchiser l’arsenal thĂ©rapeutique.Dans ce contexte, il est essentiel de disposer d’outils performants afin de caractĂ©riser ces tumeurs. Ce manuscrit prĂ©sente l’état de l’art de la classification des lymphomes B, des premiĂšres descriptions histologiques aux derniĂšres classifications molĂ©culaires. Le dĂ©veloppement de nouveaux tests diagnostiques et pronostiques basĂ©s sur la RT-MLPA mis au point lors de ce travail de thĂšse sera dĂ©crit, permettant Ă  la fois l’étude exhaustive de plusieurs dizaines de marqueurs d’intĂ©rĂȘt et une proposition diagnostique par un algorithme dĂ©diĂ© entrainĂ© sur des centaines de cas.Le lymphome folliculaire est le lymphome indolent le plus frĂ©quent. Depuis l’utilisation de l’immunothĂ©rapie par anti-CD20, une rĂ©mission prolongĂ©e est obtenue dans la majoritĂ© des cas, cependant les rechutes sont frĂ©quentes et peuvent se produire selon des intervalles de temps trĂšs variables. Au cours de ce travail, les rĂ©pertoires d’immunoglobulines B et T ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©s sur des Ă©chantillons tumoraux au diagnostic et Ă  la rechute par une technique couplant 5’-RACE et sĂ©quençage haut-dĂ©bit, permettant une meilleure comprĂ©hension des mĂ©canismes d’évolution tumorale au cours du temps.Les outils dĂ©veloppĂ©s pendant ce travail illustrent l’intĂ©rĂȘt des techniques innovantes associant gĂ©nĂ©tique et algorithmique afin de mieux caractĂ©riser ces tumeurs complexes..Lymphomas are the 5th most common cancer in France with approximately 22,000 new cases diagnosed each year. There is a considerable clinical and biological heterogeneity in these tumors, and the latest classification of the World Health Organization distinguishes nearly 100 different entities. This categorization into subgroups has been made possible by the development of genetics, allowing clinical entities to be divided according to the biological abnormalities that were highlighted. With the introduction of targeted therapies, targeting a precise mechanism of the tumor, requires biomarkers to identify patients who can benefit from these innovative treatments, and many clinical trials are ongoing to prioritize the therapeutic arsenal.In this context, it is essential to have efficient tools to characterize these tumors. This manuscript presents the state of the art of B-cell lymphoma classification, from the first histological descriptions to the latest molecular classifications. The development of new diagnostic and prognostic tests based on RT-MLPA and developed during this thesis is described in this manuscript, allowing both the exhaustive study of several dozen markers of interest and a diagnostic proposal by a dedicated algorithm trained on hundreds of cases.Follicular lymphoma is the most frequent indolent lymphoma. Since the use of anti-CD20 immunotherapy, a prolonged remission is achieved in the majority of cases, however relapses are frequent and can occur at very variable time intervals. In this manuscript, immunoglobulin B and T repertoires were studied on tumor samples at diagnosis and at relapse by a simple and reliable technique based on 5'-RACE, allowing a better understanding of tumor evolution mechanisms over time.The tools developed during this work illustrate the interest of innovative techniques combining molecular biology and algorithmic to better characterize these complex tumors

    Détermination moléculaire des sous-types de lymphomes B diffus à grandes cellules par un classifieur de type retrotranscription multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification

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    Les lymphomes B diffus Ă  grandes cellules (LBDGC) reprĂ©sentent 40% des lymphomes non-hodgkiniens. Leur hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©vĂ©lĂ©e par les profils d’expression gĂ©nique, permettant un classement en deux sous-types molĂ©culaires : Germinal Center B-cell like (GCB), plutĂŽt de bon pronostic, et Activated B-Cell like (ABC), plus agressif avec une tendance Ă  la rechute. Nous avons mis au point un nouveau test utilisant une technique de reverse transcriptase multiplex ligation-dependant probe amplification mesurant l’expression de 21 marqueurs et efficace pour discriminer non seulement les LBDGC GCB et LBDGC ABC, mais aussi les PMBL (Primary Mediastinal B-cell Lymphoma), caractĂ©risĂ©s le plus souvent par une atteinte mĂ©diastinale et parfois de diagnostic difficile, ainsi que les LDGCB EBV+, non recherchĂ©s systĂ©matiquement mais pouvant faire l’objet de traitements spĂ©cifiques. Ce test a Ă©tĂ© entraĂźnĂ© sur 70 biopsies conservĂ©es en paraffine et validĂ© sur plus de 160 Ă©chantillons indĂ©pendants. En comparaison avec la classification de rĂ©fĂ©rence Ă©tablie par puces Ă  ADN de type Affymetrix, la RT-MLPA a classĂ© 85,0% des Ă©chantillons dans le sous-type attendu. La mutation MYD88 L265P a Ă©galement pu ĂȘtre dĂ©tectĂ©e simultanĂ©ment par cette mĂ©thode. Ce test simple, robuste et Ă©conomique pourrait ĂȘtre utilisĂ© dans les laboratoires de diagnostic pour amĂ©liorer la prise en charge de ces tumeurs agressives

    Caractérisation de l'hétérogénéité moléculaire des lymphomes B et de leur micro-environnement par des techniques innovantes

    No full text
    Lymphomas are the 5th most common cancer in France with approximately 22,000 new cases diagnosed each year. There is a considerable clinical and biological heterogeneity in these tumors, and the latest classification of the World Health Organization distinguishes nearly 100 different entities. This categorization into subgroups has been made possible by the development of genetics, allowing clinical entities to be divided according to the biological abnormalities that were highlighted. With the introduction of targeted therapies, targeting a precise mechanism of the tumor, requires biomarkers to identify patients who can benefit from these innovative treatments, and many clinical trials are ongoing to prioritize the therapeutic arsenal.In this context, it is essential to have efficient tools to characterize these tumors. This manuscript presents the state of the art of B-cell lymphoma classification, from the first histological descriptions to the latest molecular classifications. The development of new diagnostic and prognostic tests based on RT-MLPA and developed during this thesis is described in this manuscript, allowing both the exhaustive study of several dozen markers of interest and a diagnostic proposal by a dedicated algorithm trained on hundreds of cases.Follicular lymphoma is the most frequent indolent lymphoma. Since the use of anti-CD20 immunotherapy, a prolonged remission is achieved in the majority of cases, however relapses are frequent and can occur at very variable time intervals. In this manuscript, immunoglobulin B and T repertoires were studied on tumor samples at diagnosis and at relapse by a simple and reliable technique based on 5'-RACE, allowing a better understanding of tumor evolution mechanisms over time.The tools developed during this work illustrate the interest of innovative techniques combining molecular biology and algorithmic to better characterize these complex tumors.Les lymphomes sont les 5Ăšmes cancers les plus frĂ©quents en France avec 22 000 cas diagnostiquĂ©s chaque annĂ©e. Une grande hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© clinique et biologique existe au sein de ces tumeurs, et la classification de l’Organisation Mondiale de la SantĂ© distingue prĂšs de 100 entitĂ©s diffĂ©rentes. Cette catĂ©gorisation en sous-groupes a notamment Ă©tĂ© rendue possible par le dĂ©veloppement de la gĂ©nĂ©tique, permettant de scinder des entitĂ©s cliniques en fonction des anomalies biologiques retrouvĂ©es. L’avĂšnement des thĂ©rapies ciblĂ©es, ciblant un mĂ©canisme prĂ©cis de la tumeur, nĂ©cessite de disposer de biomarqueurs permettant d’identifier les patients pouvant bĂ©nĂ©ficier de ces traitements innovants, et de nombreux essais cliniques sont en cours afin de hiĂ©rarchiser l’arsenal thĂ©rapeutique.Dans ce contexte, il est essentiel de disposer d’outils performants afin de caractĂ©riser ces tumeurs. Ce manuscrit prĂ©sente l’état de l’art de la classification des lymphomes B, des premiĂšres descriptions histologiques aux derniĂšres classifications molĂ©culaires. Le dĂ©veloppement de nouveaux tests diagnostiques et pronostiques basĂ©s sur la RT-MLPA mis au point lors de ce travail de thĂšse sera dĂ©crit, permettant Ă  la fois l’étude exhaustive de plusieurs dizaines de marqueurs d’intĂ©rĂȘt et une proposition diagnostique par un algorithme dĂ©diĂ© entrainĂ© sur des centaines de cas.Le lymphome folliculaire est le lymphome indolent le plus frĂ©quent. Depuis l’utilisation de l’immunothĂ©rapie par anti-CD20, une rĂ©mission prolongĂ©e est obtenue dans la majoritĂ© des cas, cependant les rechutes sont frĂ©quentes et peuvent se produire selon des intervalles de temps trĂšs variables. Au cours de ce travail, les rĂ©pertoires d’immunoglobulines B et T ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©s sur des Ă©chantillons tumoraux au diagnostic et Ă  la rechute par une technique couplant 5’-RACE et sĂ©quençage haut-dĂ©bit, permettant une meilleure comprĂ©hension des mĂ©canismes d’évolution tumorale au cours du temps.Les outils dĂ©veloppĂ©s pendant ce travail illustrent l’intĂ©rĂȘt des techniques innovantes associant gĂ©nĂ©tique et algorithmique afin de mieux caractĂ©riser ces tumeurs complexes.

    Caractérisation de l'hétérogénéité moléculaire des lymphomes B et de leur micro-environnement par des techniques innovantes

    No full text
    Lymphomas are the 5th most common cancer in France with approximately 22,000 new cases diagnosed each year. There is a considerable clinical and biological heterogeneity in these tumors, and the latest classification of the World Health Organization distinguishes nearly 100 different entities. This categorization into subgroups has been made possible by the development of genetics, allowing clinical entities to be divided according to the biological abnormalities that were highlighted. With the introduction of targeted therapies, targeting a precise mechanism of the tumor, requires biomarkers to identify patients who can benefit from these innovative treatments, and many clinical trials are ongoing to prioritize the therapeutic arsenal.In this context, it is essential to have efficient tools to characterize these tumors. This manuscript presents the state of the art of B-cell lymphoma classification, from the first histological descriptions to the latest molecular classifications. The development of new diagnostic and prognostic tests based on RT-MLPA and developed during this thesis is described in this manuscript, allowing both the exhaustive study of several dozen markers of interest and a diagnostic proposal by a dedicated algorithm trained on hundreds of cases.Follicular lymphoma is the most frequent indolent lymphoma. Since the use of anti-CD20 immunotherapy, a prolonged remission is achieved in the majority of cases, however relapses are frequent and can occur at very variable time intervals. In this manuscript, immunoglobulin B and T repertoires were studied on tumor samples at diagnosis and at relapse by a simple and reliable technique based on 5'-RACE, allowing a better understanding of tumor evolution mechanisms over time.The tools developed during this work illustrate the interest of innovative techniques combining molecular biology and algorithmic to better characterize these complex tumors.Les lymphomes sont les 5Ăšmes cancers les plus frĂ©quents en France avec 22 000 cas diagnostiquĂ©s chaque annĂ©e. Une grande hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© clinique et biologique existe au sein de ces tumeurs, et la classification de l’Organisation Mondiale de la SantĂ© distingue prĂšs de 100 entitĂ©s diffĂ©rentes. Cette catĂ©gorisation en sous-groupes a notamment Ă©tĂ© rendue possible par le dĂ©veloppement de la gĂ©nĂ©tique, permettant de scinder des entitĂ©s cliniques en fonction des anomalies biologiques retrouvĂ©es. L’avĂšnement des thĂ©rapies ciblĂ©es, ciblant un mĂ©canisme prĂ©cis de la tumeur, nĂ©cessite de disposer de biomarqueurs permettant d’identifier les patients pouvant bĂ©nĂ©ficier de ces traitements innovants, et de nombreux essais cliniques sont en cours afin de hiĂ©rarchiser l’arsenal thĂ©rapeutique.Dans ce contexte, il est essentiel de disposer d’outils performants afin de caractĂ©riser ces tumeurs. Ce manuscrit prĂ©sente l’état de l’art de la classification des lymphomes B, des premiĂšres descriptions histologiques aux derniĂšres classifications molĂ©culaires. Le dĂ©veloppement de nouveaux tests diagnostiques et pronostiques basĂ©s sur la RT-MLPA mis au point lors de ce travail de thĂšse sera dĂ©crit, permettant Ă  la fois l’étude exhaustive de plusieurs dizaines de marqueurs d’intĂ©rĂȘt et une proposition diagnostique par un algorithme dĂ©diĂ© entrainĂ© sur des centaines de cas.Le lymphome folliculaire est le lymphome indolent le plus frĂ©quent. Depuis l’utilisation de l’immunothĂ©rapie par anti-CD20, une rĂ©mission prolongĂ©e est obtenue dans la majoritĂ© des cas, cependant les rechutes sont frĂ©quentes et peuvent se produire selon des intervalles de temps trĂšs variables. Au cours de ce travail, les rĂ©pertoires d’immunoglobulines B et T ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©s sur des Ă©chantillons tumoraux au diagnostic et Ă  la rechute par une technique couplant 5’-RACE et sĂ©quençage haut-dĂ©bit, permettant une meilleure comprĂ©hension des mĂ©canismes d’évolution tumorale au cours du temps.Les outils dĂ©veloppĂ©s pendant ce travail illustrent l’intĂ©rĂȘt des techniques innovantes associant gĂ©nĂ©tique et algorithmique afin de mieux caractĂ©riser ces tumeurs complexes.

    Integrative diagnosis of primary cutaneous large B-cell lymphomas supports the relevance of cell of origin profiling.

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    Primary cutaneous large B-cell lymphomas (PCLBCL) represent a diagnostic challenge because they are classified as PCLBCL, leg type (PCLBCL, LT) or primary cutaneous follicle centre lymphoma, large cell (PCFCL, LC), which differ by prognosis and therapeutic requirement. Unclassified cases with discordant clinical presentations, morphologies, and immunophenotypes may be classified into the not otherwise specified (PCLBCL, NOS) category based on ancillary molecular analyses. Cell-of-origin profiling as germinal centre (GC) type or non-GC type by immunohistochemistry is not considered reproducible because of variable CD10 expression. In a series of 55 PCLBCL cases with > 80% large cells, we reported 21 PCFCL, LC cases as GC-type and 27 PCLBCL, LT as non-GC-type; 7 cases were considered PCLBCL, NOS. Here, we demonstrate the accuracy of molecular profiling of PCLBCL as GC or non-GC type using a reverse transcriptase multiplex ligation assay (RT-MLPA). RT-MLPA classified the seven PCLBCL, NOS cases in accordance with their mutational profile. An integrative principal component analysis confirmed the main criteria and the relevance of genomic profiling of PCFCL, LC as GC-derived, and PCLBCL, LT as non-GC-derived. Both the cell-of-origin classification of PCLBCL and the integrative analysis identified two clinically relevant subgroups according to overall survival, which may help to standardize PCLBCL diagnosis and patient management

    Combining Gene Expression Profiling and Artificial Intelligence to Diagnose B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

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    International audienceIntroductionNon-Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas (B-NHLs) are a highly heterogeneous group of mature B-cell malignancies associated with very diverse clinical behaviors. They rely on the activation of different signaling pathways for proliferation and survival which might be amenable to targeted therapies, increasing the need for precision diagnosis. Unfortunately, their accurate classification can be challenging, even for expert hemato-pathologists, and secondary reviews recurrently differ from initial diagnosis. To address this issue we have developed a pan-B-NHL classifier based on a middle throughput gene expression assay coupled with a random forest algorithm.Material and MethodsFive hundred ten B-NHL diagnosed according to the WHO criteria were studied, with 325 diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL), 43 primary mediastinal B-cell lymphomas (PMBL), 55 follicular lymphomas (FL), 31 mantle cell lymphomas (MCL), 17 small lymphocytic lymphomas (SLL), 20 marginal zone lymphomas (MZL), 11 marginal zone lymphomas of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) and 8 lymphoplasmacytic lymphomas (LPL). To train and validate the predictor the samples were randomly split into a training (2/3) and an independent validation cohort (1/3). A panel of 137 genes was designed by purposely selecting the differentiation markers identified in the WHO classification for their capacity to provide diagnostic and prognostic information in NHLs. Gene expression profiles were generated by ligation dependent RT-PCR applied to RNA extracted from frozen or FFPE tissue and analyzed on a MiSeq sequencer. For analysis, the sequencing reads were de-multiplexed, aligned with the sequences of the LD-RTPCR probes and counted. Results were normalized using unique molecular indexes counts to correct PCR amplification biases.ResultsIn DLBCL, unsupervised gene expression analysis retrieved the expected GCB, ABC and PMBL signatures (Fig A). These tumors also showed higher expressions of the KI67 (proliferation), CD68 and CD163 (tumor associated macrophages), and PD-L1/2 (immune response) markers. We also observed that the dual expression of MYC and BCL2 at the mRNA level significantly associates with inferior PFS and OS, independent from the International Prognostic Index and from the GCB/ABC cell-of-origin signature, validating the capacity of the assay to identify these highly aggressive lymphomas (Fig C).Overall, low-grade lymphomas were characterized by a significant T cell component. FLs associated with the GCB (BCL6, MYBL1, CD10 and LMO2) and Tfh (CD3, CD5, CD28, ICOS, CD40L, CXCL13) signatures. Other small B-cell lymphomas tended to overexpress activated B-cell markers (LIMD1, TACI, IRF4,FOXP1...), and the expected CD5, CD10, CD23 and CCND1 differential expressions in SLL, MCL and MZL were correctly retrieved (Fig B). Surprisingly, our analysis revealed that the Ie-Ce sterile transcript, expressed from the IGH locus during IgE isotype switching, is almost exclusively expressed by FLs, constituting one of the most discriminant markers for this pathology.We next trained a random forest classifier to discriminate the 7 principal subtypes of B-NHLs. The training cohort comprised 162 DLBCLs (ABC or GCB), 28 PMBL, 35 FLs (grade 1-3A), 21 MCLs, 12 SLLs, and 25 NHLs grouped into the MZL category (13 MZLs, 8 MALT and 4 LPLs). The independent validation series comprised 90 DLBCLs classified as GCB or ABC DLBCLs by the Lymph2Cx assay, 15 PMBLs, 12 FLs (grade 1-3A), 10 MCLs, 5 SLLs and 14 MZLs (7 MZL, 3 MALT and 4 LPL). The RF algorithm classified all cases of the training series into the expected subtype, as well as 94.5% samples of the independent validation cohort (Fig D). For ABC and GCB DLBCLs, the concordance with the Lymph2Cx assay in the validation cohort was 94.3%.ConclusionWe have developed a comprehensive gene expression based solution which allows a systematic evaluation of multiple diagnostic and prognostic markers expressed by the tumor and by the microenvironment in B-NHLs. This assay, which does not require any specific platform, could be implemented in complement to histology in many diagnostic laboratories and, with the current development of targeted therapies, enable a more accurate and standardized B-NHL diagnosis. Together, our data illustrate how the integration of gene expression profiling and artificial intelligence can increase precision diagnosis in cancers
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