The Early French Resistance in Paris

In 1940 the resistance emerged in occupied France to challenge by nonviolent means the awesome power of the German occupation. The basic conflict was over values, and the proponents of each set were easily identified. On the one hand were German soldiers and administrators who represented a victorious army, a triumphant government, and a way of life called nazism, which stressed discipline, order, and authority, stifled scholarship and free inquiry, classified human beings as aryan supermen or inferior sub-humans on the basis of race and ethnicity, and had no hesitation to use force and brutality

One Strike and You\u27re Out? Constitutional Constraints on Zero Tolerance in Public Education

Notwithstanding the popularity of zero tolerance policies, the resulting denial of public education to massive numbers of children threatens irreparable damage, not only to these individuals but to all of us. This Article assesses the intended and unintended consequences of public school zero tolerance policies and details a number of constitutional infirmities of such policies that could provide an avenue for reform. We begin in Part I with a description of the multifaceted role that zero tolerance has come to play in public schools. Part II examines the rationale and actual impact of zero tolerance as school policy, and Part III explores what we argue are significant constitutional constraints on use of this policy to deny schoolchildren a public education. After assessing the as-yet-unresolved status of educational rights in the federal Constitution, we delineate a number of reasons why expulsions from the public school system may be constitutionally impermissible under both state education provisions and federal and state equal protection clauses