Effect of Oil Price Volatility and Petroleum Bloomberg Index on Stock Market Returns of Tehran Stock Exchange Using EGARCH Model

The present research aims to evaluate impacts of crude oil price return index, Bloomberg Petroleum Index and Bloomberg energy index on stock market returns of 121 companies listed in Tehran stock exchange in a 10 years' period from early 2006 to April 2016. First, explanatory variables were aligned with petroleum products index mostly due to application of dollar data. Subsequently, to check variables stationary, Dickey-Fuller generalized test was considered and ARCH test was adopted to check for Heteroscedasticity in error terms and residual values. Finally, EGARCH was used to address model heteroscedasticity. The results showed that variations of Petroleum Bloomberg index, crude oil price and Bloomberg energy index could explain changes in Tehran stock exchange index returns. Any rise in oil prices increases total Stock Exchange returns. On the other hand, Stock Exchange index returns is aligned with Petroleum Bloomberg index.at the same time changes in Tehran stock exchange index returns was reversely correlated with changes in energy index return among others

Natural gas pricing in the Northeastern U.S.

This paper examines natural gas pricing at five citygate locations in the northeastern United States using daily and weekly price series for the years 1994-97. In particular, the effects of the natural gas price at Henry Hub, weather, and the natural gas inventory levels in the region are examined. The results indicate that natural gas spot citygate prices in the Northeastern U.S. are influenced mainly by the Henry Hub spot price and local heating degree-days. The storage-inventory level supplying the Northeast appears to have little influence.Supported by the MIT Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research and by Statoil

A Modified SWOT analysis of Successful Green Patent Development in China

China has witnessed a significant development of clean technology in recent years since the UN climate change conference in 2009. The green patent, as a way of addressing environmental issue, has been deemed to be one first attempt. However, compare to most developed countries, there are many obstacles and barriers for it to improve and develop successfully in China. By conducting a modified SWOT analysis, this research aims to help catch up the status quo of the green patent based on the particular context of the renewable energy sector in China. Data supporting the analysis is derive from multiple ways including governmental reports, green patent related laws, literature reviews, and patent analyses. The study opens a window through which both government and academic fields are involved can perceive the internal and external conditions of the green patent in China. The five critical strategies, which are presented based on SWOTs identified, could be used for China to shape its future green patent improvement at the strategic level

What can be said about the rise and fall in oil prices?

The price of oil rose steadily between the middle of 2003 and the end of 2007, rose further and more rapidly until mid-2008 and fell sharply until the end of that year. Commentators agree that a significant part of the increase in the oil price over that period was due to rapid demand growth from emerging markets, but there are substantial differences of view about the relative importance of other factors, and limited work thus far in explaining the large fall in oil prices in the second half of 2008. The purpose of this article is to analyse the main explanations for the rise and fall in oil prices in the five years until the end of 2008. It argues that shocks to oil demand and supply, coupled with the institutional factors of the oil market, are qualitatively consistent with the direction of price movements, although the magnitude of the rise and subsequent fall during 2008 is more difficult to justify. The available empirical evidence suggests that financial flows into oil markets have not been an important factor over the period as a whole. Nonetheless, one cannot rule out the possibility that some part of the sharp rise and fall in the oil price in 2008 might have had some of the characteristics of an asset price bubble.

Finding the right partners? Examining inequalities in the global investment landscape of hydropower

Clean and affordable energy is crucial to achieve a sustainable future. Despite being controversial, hydropower remains the predominant low-cost and reliable source of energy at global level, as it stabilizes the provision of electricity and it bears the power peaks without losing efficiency. However, hydropower requires huge upfront investments and patient functional capital. Under the Paris Agreement, countries committed to direct financial capital flows towards a low-emission pathway in order to enable the transition. Furthermore, private capital strongly engaged with a transition towards a climate-smart economy. The aim of this work is to study the investment system behind hydropower, investors’ behaviour and the optimal allocation of finance to favour the deployment of capital flows. We use Bloomberg Energy Finance database to track public–private investments over the past century (1903–2020). We use network models to represent the hydropower project financing landscape as a network of co-investments. We find that investors are highly localized, with continental players mostly interacting with counterparts in the same area of the world. Powerful exceptions are international organisations and multilateral banks which coinvest across the globe. They also tend to support low-income and fragile countries, meeting their mandate of sustainable development champions. Multilateral banks and international organisations are the most critical actors in enabling public–private co-investments; they activate partnerships with a wider diversity of investors within the network creating more opportunities for blended finance tools. Our results offer a novel perspective on finance for the energy transition: it challenges the idea that more capital invested is better and calls for a more efficient allocation of the available resources

Landfill-Gas-To-Energy Project Study Case: the Gampong Jawa Landfill, Banda Aceh, Indonesia

Banda Aceh, Indonesia, populated with 250.000 inhabitants, produces 180 tons of waste daily. But only 165 tons are delivered to its 21 ha area of municipal landfill facility, the Gampong Jawa Landfill (GJL). Since 2009, GJL stopped the open dumping practice and switched to sanitary landfill system. However, landfill gas (LFG) generated is still naturally venting out into the atmosphere. For leachate treatment, GJL has an anaerobic, an aerobic, and a maturation pool. There is also an advanced biogas reactor, namely the Intermediate Treatment Facility (ITF), which has 40 kW electricity generating capacity. Two Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) systems also available, functioned to process human excrements with total capacity of 130 cubic meter. This research is conducted to study the potential electricity generation from all-combined available resources in GJL. It includes potentials from landfills, ITF, and WWTPs. Literature review, in-depth interviews, field survey, and spread-sheet simulation are methods that have been conducted to achieve the objectives. The result shows that GJL could benefit more than sufficient electricity for its own operations, and transmit the rest to the National Power Grid. Furthermore, all potential is then monetized by utilizing the new Indonesian Feed-in Tarif (FiT) regulations. And the Certified Emision Reductions (CERs) is also expected to be traded through Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCC) was utilized to examine future projections through a comprehensive financial analysis

Early Mover Chasing an Opportunity: A Case Study of a Candidate of REDD+ Indonesia Project Developer

One of the crucial issues today faced by all of human being is climate changing. To fight with this phenomenon, some efforts are underway to overcome it. Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) is one of these efforts. Business model of this approach is quite simple; who protect or upgrade forest condition should be paid. However, while other efforts have been regulated and enjoy carbon trading in the cap and trade horizon, carbon credits from REDD+ is still floating and waiting for decision from United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and the available market to sell REDD+ carbon is voluntary. Since it is voluntary only, then market size becomes obstacle in delivering carbon credits produced by REDD+ project type. Along with preparation of REDD+ institution in Indonesia, an early mover ready to catch the opportunity has taken an action in the middle of some uncertainties; regulation, market, price, paradigm and so on. Besides those challenges, some options exist to be chosen in creating expected value. Then this process needs management flexibility. Being involved with voluntary market only will tend to the negative Expected Net Present Value (ENPV) direction. But with the hope of incoming regulated market, ENPV is changing. This changing ENPV is merely because of wide difference on market shares. Since this hope is only 50% being occurred, handling the project cost should extend as far as possible from grant making. Along with this effort lowering Verified Emission Reduction to sell it in high quantity should be done for the first 5 to 10 years project life cycle, face it with progressive marketing strategy, and or executes conservation activities first. Free, prior, and Informed Consent becomes the guidance for project developers in engaging communities. It is valuable both for project quality enhancement and for the practical reason in upgrading VER price under Climate, Community, and Biodiversity Alliance.Key Words: Climate Change, REDD+, Carbon Finance, Real Options Analysis (ROA), Stakeholder Analysi

POLITICAL BRANDING AKUN INSTAGRAM @ANIES BASWEDAN DALAM ISU PILPRES INDONESIA 2024

The emergence of Instagram as a new media has made many people take advantage of Instagram in several aspects of life, including as a medium of communication as well as a medium for marketing products or services, and media for political party campaigns and media for partitioning themselves for public figures and politicians. As was done by Anies Baswedan who is a presidential candidate in the 2024 Indonesian Presidential Election. Anies Baswedan branded himself through Instagram by displaying content related to daily activities and activities when he visited several regions in Indonesia. The formulation of the problem of this research is how the political branding of the Instagram account @aniesbaswedan in the 2024 Indonesian presidential election issue. The research conducted aims to determine the political branding of the Instagram account @aniesbaswedan in the 2024 Indonesian presidential election issue. This type of research is qualitative, using interpretive qualitative methods and approaches that used is direct content analysis. The data collection method in this study was Miles and Huberman with four stages consisting of data collection, data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The results of this study indicate that Anies Baswedan divides himself into four categories in his uploads on Instagram, the first category is an honest leader, the second category is a smart leader, the third category is a visionary leader, the fourth category is a leader who is able to become a trendsetter.Munculnya Instagram sebagai New media membuat banyak orang memanfaatkan Instagram dalam beberapa aspek kehidupan, diantarnya sebagai media komunikasi maupun sebagai media dalam pemasaran produk atau jasa, dan media kampanye partai politik maupun media dalam membranding diri bagi para tokoh masyarakat serta politisi.  Seperti halnya yang dilakukan oleh Anies Baswedan yang merupakan calon Presiden pada Pemilihan Presiden Indonesia 2024. Anies Baswedan melakukan branding pada dirinya melalui Instagram dengan cara menampilkan konten-konten yang berkaitan dengan kegiatan keseharian dan kegiatan saat ia kunjungan ke beberapa daerah yang ada di Indonesia. Rumusan masalah penelitian ini adalah bagaimana political branding akun Instagram @aniesbaswedan dalam isu pilpres Indonesia 2024, Penelitian yang dilakukan bertujuan untuk mengetahui political branding akun Instagram @aniesbaswedan dalam isu pilpres Indonesia 2024. jenis penelitian ini adalah Kualitatif,  dengan menggunakan metode Kualitatif interpretatif dan pendekatan yang digunakan adalah direct content analysis. Metode pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini adalah Miles and Huberman dengan empat tahapan yang terdiri dari pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Anies Baswedan membranding dirinya menjadi empat kategori dalam unggahannya di Instagram, kategori pertama sebagai pemimpin yang Jujur, kategori kedua Pemimpin yang Cerdas, kategori ketiga pemimpin yang Visioner, kategori  keempat yaitu  pemimpin yang mampu menjadi Trendsetter

Dealing with Climate Change Under the National Environmental Policy Act, Climate Change--Laws regulations and rules, Environmental Impact Statements, Greenhouse Gases

The National Environmental Policy Act (“NEPA”) was an important environmental law for several decades before climate change became an issue of concern. In the 1990s, efforts began to include in NEPA’s environmental assessments and environmental impact statements both the impact of federal government actions on climate change and the impact of climate change on proposed federal actions. These efforts were encouraged by the Council on Environmental Quality (“CEQ”). However, implementation at the agency level has since been uneven. Some federal agencies have resisted making serious efforts to incorporate climate change impacts into their decision-making process. Moreover, the courts have not been consistent in their reviews of agency compliance with NEPA, and the judiciary often gives substantial deference to an agency’s minimal NEPA compliance. Since 2017, determining NEPA’s requirements for climate change analysis has become more challenging because the Trump administration is changing federal environmental policies and regulations in order to encourage fossil fuel energy development and use, which will increase the emissions of greenhouse gases (“GHG”)

Landscape for change? International climate policy and energy transitions: evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa

What is the role of the climate regime in facilitating rapid decarbonization of the world’s energy systems? We examine how core assumptions concerning the roles of the nation state, carbon markets and finance and technology in international climate policy are being challenged by the realities of how transitions in the energy systems are unfolding. Drawing on the critical region of sub-Saharan Africa, we examine the potential for international climate policy to foster new trajectories towards decarbonization