Forward and adjoint simulations of seismic wave propagation on fully unstructured hexahedral meshes

We present forward and adjoint spectral-element simulations of coupled acoustic and (an)elastic seismic wave propagation on fully unstructured hexahedral meshes. Simulations benefit from recent advances in hexahedral meshing, load balancing and software optimization. Meshing may be accomplished using a mesh generation tool kit such as CUBIT, and load balancing is facilitated by graph partitioning based on the SCOTCH library. Coupling between fluid and solid regions is incorporated in a straightforward fashion using domain decomposition. Topography, bathymetry and Moho undulations may be readily included in the mesh, and physical dispersion and attenuation associated with anelasticity are accounted for using a series of standard linear solids. Finite-frequency Fréchet derivatives are calculated using adjoint methods in both fluid and solid domains. The software is benchmarked for a layercake model. We present various examples of fully unstructured meshes, snapshots of wavefields and finite-frequency kernels generated by Version 2.0 ‘Sesame' of our widely used open source spectral-element package SPECFEM3

Dynamics of CO2, CH4 and N2O concentrations throughout deep soil profiles in Eucalypt plantations subjected to contrasted rainfall regimes: consequences on soil effluxes

The major factors driving greenhouse gas exchanges in forest soils (substrate supply, temperature, water content) vary with soil depth. Our study aimed to assess the effects of clear-cutting and drought on the temporal variability of CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes throughout very deep soil profiles in Brazilian eucalypt plantations conducted in coppice. Stands with 37% of through fall excluded by plastic sheets (-W) and stands without rain exclusion (+W) were compared. Every two weeks for 21 months, CO2, CH4 and N2O surface effluxes were measured using the closed-chamber method and concentrations in the soil were measured at 7 depths down to 15.5 m in -W and +W. At most measurement dates, CO2, CH4 and N2O effluxes at the soil surface were not significantly different between -W and +W. Mean CO2 and N2O concentrations in -W were 20.7% and 7.6% lower than in +W, respectively, across the sampling depths. By contrast, CH4 concentrations in -W were 44.4% higher than in +W throughout the soil profile. Across the two treatments, CO2 concentrations increased from 4446 _ 2188 ppm at 10 cm deep to 15622 _ 3523 ppm at 15.5 m, CH4 concentrations increased from 0.41 _ 0.17 ppm at 10 cm deep to 0.77 _ 0.24 ppm at 15.5 m and N2O concentrations remained roughly constant and were on average 478 _ 55 ppb from the soil surface to 15.5 m deep. A modeling approach (using the Min3P and Root Typ models) showed that the amount of water filling soil porosity accounted for a large share of the difference in gas concentration between +W and {W, and pointed out the consequences of through fall exclusion on the areas of CO2 production throughout the soil profile. Improving our understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics of gas concentrations in deep soil layers is important to improve the current biogeochemical models predicting the effect of drought periods on greenhouse gas effluxes in eucalypt plantations established in deep tropical soils

DynACof, a model fro growth, yield, carbon, water, energy balances and ecosystem services of Coffea in agroforestry

Agroforestry systems (AFS) are complex to model mainly due to the high spatial variability induced by the shade trees. Recently, the microclimate and lighf heterogeneity issue in AFS has been addressed using the 30 ecophysiological process-based model MAESPA (Charbonnier et al., 2013; Vezy et al., 2018). MAESPA surpassed the classical sun/shade dichotomy in AFS (Charbonnier et al., 2014) and provided continuous maps of e.g. available light, light-use~ fficiency and canopy temperature within Coffea Agroforestry Systems (GAS). A step further was to design a crop model for Coffea grown under agroforestry that would benefit from this continuum to estimate ecosystem services on the long term and under climate change scenarios. We designed DynA_Cof, a new process-based growth and yield model to compute plot-scale net and gross primary productivity, carbon allocation, growth, yield, energy, and water balance of GAS according to shade tree species and management, while accounting for fine-scale spatial effects using MAESPA metamodels (Figure 1). DynA_Cof satisfactorily simulated the daily plot-scale gross primary productivity (RMSE= 1.69 gc m-2 d-1 on 1562 days) and the energy and water balances (RMSE: AET = 0.63 mm d-1 , H= 1.27 MJ m-2 d-1, Rn= 1.98 MJ m-2 d-1) compared to measurements from an eddy-flux tower in Aquiares (Costa Rica) and also the NPP for above and below-ground organs, coffee bean yield and shade tree wood production compared to a comprehensive database from this site

Modélidation de la propagation des ondes sismiques et des ejecta dans les astéroïdes: application à l'érosion des cratères de l'astéroïde 433-Eros

This PhD describes the application of seismology to asteroids, with two main objectives: estimating the behavior of an asteroid following the occurrence of a seismic excitation and explaining the deficit in small craters observed on asteroid 433 Eros. This asteroid, imaged in the years 2000-2001 by the NEAR spacecraft, exhibits a surface covered by regolith (loose material resulting from rocks crushed by impacts) but depleted in craters with a diameter lower than 200 m (Chapman et al., 2002). The first objective consists in simulating the vibrations triggered by a seismic source for 2-D and 3-D models of the asteroid Eros based on the spectral-element numerical method (e.g., Komatitsch et Tromp, 1999).This method approximates the solution of the seismic wave equation on a mesh of the object under study. The simulations that we performed for different models of asteroid Eros suggest that the regolith layer has an important effect by acting as a wave guide and increasing the amplitude of the seismic signals at the surface of the models. We also show that the presence of a regolith layer reduces the importance of the details of the internal structure of the asteroid, such as the presence of a fracture network. The second objective consists in explaining the observed deficit in small craters on asteroid Eros. The simulation of crater infilling by the deposit of ejecta resulting from impacts explains only part of the erased craters (Blitz et al., 2009). We therefore simulated an impact-induced seismic shaking erasure process that triggers slumping on crater walls (Richardson et al., 2005). The simultaneous action of these two erasure processes (ejecta coverage and seismic shaking) results in a crater population curve that is close to the observed data for an exposure time of about 600 Ma in the Main Asteroid Belt.La présente thèse décrit l'application de la sismologie aux astéroïdes à travers deux objectifs principaux : évaluer le comportement d'un astéroïde suite à une excitation sismique et proposer des hypothèses justifiant le déficit en petits cratères observé sur l'astéroïde 433 Eros. Cet astéroïde, imagé par la sonde NEAR durant l'année 2000-2001, montre une surface constituée de régolite (roche inconsolidée, broyée par les impacts) et déficitaire en petits cratères de taille inférieure à 200 m environ. Le premier objectif a consisté, après une étude préliminaire sur les modes propres (e.g., Lognonné et Clévédé, 2002) de petits modèles d'astéroïdes sphériques, à simuler les vibrations de modèles 2-D et 3-D de l'astéroïde Eros soumis à une source sismique grâce à la méthode des éléments spectraux. Cette méthode consiste à approximer la solution de l'équation d'onde sur un maillage de l'objet étudié (e.g., Komatitsch et Tromp, 1999). Les simulations de propagation d'onde effectuées sur les divers modèles de l'astéroïde Eros suggèrent un rôle important de la couche de régolite en tant que guide d'onde à l'origine d'une amplification des signaux sismiques en surface. De même, pour une étude des signaux enregistrés en surface de l'astéroïde, la présence d'une couche de régolite semble occulter l'effet d'une structure interne (tel un réseau de fractures). Le second objectif de la thèse consiste à expliquer le déficit en petits cratères observé sur l'astéroïde 433 Eros. La simulation du rebouchage des cratères par recouvrement des débris d'impacts permet d'expliquer une partie du déficit en petits cratères mais pas tout (Blitz et al., 2009). Nous avons donc simulé le rebouchage des cratères par les glissements de terrains sur les bords des cratères déclenchés par les vibrations résultant des impacts (Richardson et al., 2005) à partir de simulations de propagation d'onde effectuées dans un modèle 3-D de l'astéroïde Eros. L'action simultanée de ces deux moyens d'érosion permet de simuler une population de cratères semblable à celle observée sur Eros pour un temps d'exposition aux impacteurs de la Ceinture Principale d'Astéroïde d'environ 600 Ma

Coupling root dynamics with reactive transport processes in soil-method and example application to phosphorus acquisition from a mineral source in alkaline soils: Method and example application to phosphorus acquisition from a mineral source

National audienc

Modelling the interactions between root system architecture, root functions and reactive transport processes in soil

Soil-plant models always oversimplified the representation of soil chemical processes or root system. The objectives of the study were (i) to present a model overcoming such limitations, and (ii) to illustrate its relevance for the modelling of soil-plant interactions. We coupled a root system architecture (RSA) model with a reactive transport model using a macroscopic approach. The two models were coupled sequentially using Fortran-C++ interoperability. We used the resulting model to investigate the case of phosphorus (P) acquisition from hydroxyapatite (HA) in an alkaline soil as induced by P and calcium (Ca) uptake and pH variations in the root zone. Important model parameters were issued of the literature and we tested its sensitivity to selected soil properties. Model sensitivity to grid size and time increment was evaluated as well. The simulations revealed that HA dissolution can contribute very substantially to P nutrition in case of rhizosphere alkalisation thanks to Ca and P uptake. Root-induced acidification was much more efficient at acquiring P, suggesting that ammonium-fed plants should be more P efficient. The variations of dissolved P in the root zone partly agreed with the observations, suggesting that P release was rather controlled by desorption when alkalisation occurs. The presence of more soluble minerals as well as the increase of Ca uptake should enhance P acquisition by crops. We developed a new model and demonstrated the interest of the mechanistic description of geochemical processes with a spatially-explicit distribution of roots in soil while modelling soil-plant interactions. Results of its first application to P acquisition from a mineral source in an alkaline soil were overall consistent with the literature