GUGATAN PERDATA DALAM TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI MENURUT UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 31 TAHUN 1999 JO UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 20 TAHUN 2001 TENTANG PEMBERANTASAN TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI

Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana aturan hukum mengenai Gugatan Perdata dalam kasus Tindak Pidana Korupsi dan bagaimana praktik Gugatan Perdata dalam kasus Tindak Pidana Korupsi dalam rangka pengembalian kerugian Negara di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif, disimpulkan: 1. Perampasan aset hasil korupsi atau Pengembalian Aset Negara dapat dilakukan melalui jalur Perdata yakni melalui Gugatan Perdata. Gugatan Perdata dalam upaya perampasan aset hasil korupsi mempunyai tugas untuk menggugat kerugian negara kepada terdakwa. Jika dalam hal Terdakwa diputus bebas atau meninggal dunia saat penyelidikan berlangsung. Gugatan Perdata dalam keadaan Terdakwa atau Tersangka yang meninggal dunia dapat ditujukan kepada ahli waris sebagaimana yang diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 1999 jo Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2001 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi. 2. Dalam Upaya Perampasan Aset Hasil Korupsi melalui jalur perdata terdapat beberapa tahap yaitu : Pembacaan Gugatan, Jawaban tergugat, Tanggapan tergugat, Tahap Pembuktian, Kesimpulan, Putusan dan Eksekusi terhadap aset hasil korupsi yang kemudian dimasukkan ke kas negara. Penghitungan dan Penentuan Kerugian Keuangan Negara yang dilakukan oleh pihak yang berwenang dapat dijadikan sebagai alat bukti oleh Kepolisan, Kejaksaan dan Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi baik dalam penyelidikian, penyidikan maupun dalam persidangan kasus Tindak Pidana Korupsi agar dapat dilakukan Perampasan Aset Hasil Korupsi.Kata kunci: Gugatan Perdata, Tindak Pidana, Korupsi

Social capital, local communities and culture-led urban regeneration processes: the Sydney Olympic Park experience

Culture has become increasingly important in regeneration processes designed to deal with urban futures. Urban regeneration processes in which culture has played a prominent role range from large-scale public investments in cultural facilities and artefacts as `hallmarks of urban regeneration projects (e.g. Guggenheim Bilbao), through to the use of `one shot cultural events such as the Olympic Games as a catalyst and engine for regenerating urban areas. The aim of this paper is to examine the association between social capital (SC), local communities and the culture-led regeneration process at Sydney Olympic Park (SOP), New South Wales, Australia. The catalyst for the transformation of an industrial wasteland into SOP was the awarding of the Olympics to Sydney in 1993. A convenience sample of 47 professional reports associated with the regeneration process at SOP between 1993 and 2010 were analyzed, the aim being to understand how local communities had been linked to the regeneration process through SC. Results from the analysis identified three principal associations between SC, local communities and the ongoing SOP regeneration process. The first association related to how, during the early years of the regeneration process, SC was used as a means of expressing concern about how governance mechanisms implemented at SOP might adversely impact the ability of local communities to engage in decision making that affected their local environment

Well-Being in Alpine Space: How Subjective Determinants Affect Urban and Rural Areas. A Case Study Analysis in South Tyrol, Italy

The paper analyzes urban-rural difference on the individual psychological well-being of residents living in the Autonomous Province of Alto Adige, region on the border between Italy and Austria. Data comes from a cross-sectional survey undertaken in 2010 on a statistical representative sample, based on the PGWBI, an instrument specifically used to measure individual subjective well-being. The study examines the influence of socio-demographic factors, as well as cultural determinants, on the PGWBI. Urban inhabitants were found to perceive higher level of psychological well-being compared to rural ones, while the determinants affecting individual subjective had a greater impact on the rural one

A Cross Sectional study to assess olfactory function and quality of life changes in patients with allergic rhinitis before and after medical therapy

BACKGROUND : Allergic rhinitis is a common inflammatory disease prevalent world wide which is known to affect both olfaction and quality of life. Very little information is available regarding the impact of medical therapy on these parameters in patient with allergic rhinitis in the Indian subcontinent. OBJECTIVES : 1. To assess the prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in patients diagnosed with allergic rhinitis 2. To evaluate associated quality- of –life changes in patients diagnosed with allergic rhinitis 3) To assess the reversal of olfactory dysfunction and any change in quality –of-life in affected patients following medical therapy METHODS : A cross-sectional hospital based study was conducted prospectively in patients diagnosed with allergic rhinitis All recruited patients underwent butanol threshold testing for assessment of olfactory function and assessment of quality of life using a RQLQ questionnaire. These patients underwent medical therapy with steroidal nasal spray, antihistamines and/ or leukotriene receptor antagonists for about 8-12 weeks. At the end of therapy, the same tests were administered again. As there is no normative data for the Indian population, 40 normal individuals were tested to obtain normative data for olfaction testing. RESULTS : A total of 150 patients with allergic rhinitis were recruited. Most patients (72%) had intermittent, mild or moderate allergic rhinitis. Smokers were more likely to have moderate to severe allergic rhinitis than non-smokers (p=0.01). The prevalence of hyposmia in patients with allergic rhinitis was 28.7%. The degree of hyposmia was mild (52.9%) or moderate (35.3%)in the majority. Following therapy, there was a significant improvement in olfaction scores (p=0.001). Quality of life (QOL)was affected in all patients with allergic rhinitis and the mean QOL scores were raised, particularly those affecting nasal, emotional and non-nasal symptoms. These scores also showed a significant improvement following therapy (p=0.00) CONCLUSION : Allergic rhinitis impacts both olfaction and quality of life in Indian patients. The problem is more pronounced in smokers. With adequate medical therapy which includes a steroid nasal spray, antihistamine and leukotriene anatagonist, most patients find significant benefit both for olfaction as well as quality of life

Cities, the Urban Green Environment, and Individual Subjective Well-Being: The Case of Milan, Italy

This paper evaluates the independent effect of the spatial proximity of green urban areas upon the individual subjective well-being of the Milan population (Italy). The methodology is based on a survey undertaken in 2010 using a sample of 1,000 of Milan citizens. Univariate and multivariate analyses and GIS localization have been employed in order to rank the major individual well-being determinants and the relationship between citizens and urban green areas. Results show that the residential proximity of citizens to urban green areas seems to have little bearing on individual subjective well-being

Role of cytokine in malignant T-cell metabolism and subsequent alternation in T-cell tumor microenvironment

T cells are an important component of adaptive immunity and T-cell-derived lymphomas are very complex due to many functional sub-types and functional elasticity of T-cells. As with other tumors, tissues specific factors are crucial in the development of T-cell lymphomas. In addition to neoplastic cells, T- cell lymphomas consist of a tumor micro-environment composed of normal cells and stroma. Numerous studies established the qualitative and quantitative differences between the tumor microenvironment and normal cell surroundings. Interaction between the various component of the tumor microenvironment is crucial since tumor cells can change the microenvironment and vice versa. In normal T-cell development, T-cells must respond to various stimulants deferentially and during these courses of adaptation. T-cells undergo various metabolic alterations. From the stage of quiescence to attention of fully active form T-cells undergoes various stage in terms of metabolic activity. Predominantly quiescent T-cells have ATP-generating metabolism while during the proliferative stage, their metabolism tilted towards the growth-promoting pathways. In addition to this, a functionally different subset of T-cells requires to activate the different metabolic pathways, and consequently, this regulation of the metabolic pathway control activation and function of T-cells. So, it is obvious that dynamic, and well-regulated metabolic pathways are important for the normal functioning of T-cells and their interaction with the microenvironment. There are various cell signaling mechanisms of metabolism are involved in this regulation and more and more studies have suggested the involvement of additional signaling in the development of the overall metabolic phenotype of T cells. These important signaling mediators include cytokines and hormones. The impact and role of these mediators especially the cytokines on the interplay between T-cell metabolism and the interaction of T-cells with their micro-environments in the context of T-cells lymphomas are discussed in this review article