O desempenho das universidades: Compreender as organizações de ensino superior na China

This study explores models of educational management used in postsecondary institutions in the five northwestern provinces of the People’s Republic of China (Shaanxi, Xinjiang, Gansu, Qinghai, and Ningxia). As higher education in the People’s Republic of China expands and undergoes significant changes, a nuanced understanding of the organizational structures in Chinese higher education is increasingly important. This qualitative study included group interviews with university administrators from institutions in each of the five northwestern provinces. Drawing on Birnbaum’s (1988) seminal work describing models of organization in higher education in the United States, the findings suggest four models of organization that are for the Chinese context. These models are: Tiao-Kuai Xitong (Vertical-Horizontal system), Confucian Guanxi, Authoritarian, and Dialectical. The study explores the complexity and diversity that characterizes Chinese higher education with important implications for the ongoing educational reform within China, as well as for developing a more sophisticated contextualized notion of Chinese higher education in the West.El presente estudio explora los modelos de gestión empleados en instituciones de educación superior de cinco provincias de la República Popular de China (Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai y Xinjiang). A medida que la educación superior en la República Popular de China se expande y experimenta cambios importantes, un análisis detallado de las estructuras organizacionales de la educación superior china se vuelve cada vez más importante. Este estudio de caso cualitativo incorporó entrevistas grupales con administradores universitarios de instituciones en cinco provincias del noreste de China. Basándose en el trabajo de Birnbaum (1988) que sentó las bases para describir modelos organizacionales en los Estados Unidos, los resultados presentan cuatro modelos de organización en el contexto de China. Estos modelos son: Tiao-Kuai Xitong (sistema vertical-horizontal), Guanxi Confucionista, Autoritario y Dialéctico. El estudio explora la complejidad y diversidad que caracterizan a la educación superior china ya que éstas tienen implicaciones importantes para la reforma educativa en China así como para el desarrollo más sofisticado de ideas en contexto acerca de la educación superior china en el Occidente. O presente estudo explora os modelos de gestão utilizados em instituições de ensino superior em cinco províncias da República Popular da China (Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai e Xinjiang). Como o ensino superior na República Popular da China se expande e passa por grandes mudanças, uma análise detalhada das estruturas organizacionais de ensino superior chinês torna-se cada vez mais importante. Este estudo de caso incorporo entrevistas qualitativas com grupos de administradores universitários de instituições em cinco províncias do nordeste da China. Com base no trabalho de Birnbaum (1988), que lançou as bases para descrever modelos organizacionais nos Estados Unidos, os resultados apresentam quatro modelos de organização no contexto da China. Estes modelos são: Tião-Kuai Xitong (sistema vertical-horizontal), guanxi confucionista, autoritário e Dialético. O artigo explora a complexidade e diversidade que caracterizam o ensino superior chinês, uma vez que tem implicações importantes para a reforma educacional na China, bem como o desenvolvimento mais sofisticado de idéias em contexto sobre o ensino superior chinês no Ocidente.

Preparation of Al/Fe-Pillared Clays: Effect of the Starting Mineral

Four natural clays were modified with mixed polyoxocations of Al/Fe for evaluating the effect of the physicochemical properties of the starting materials (chemical composition, abundance of expandable clay phases, cationic exchange capacity and textural properties) on final physicochemical and catalytic properties of Al/Fe-PILCs. The aluminosilicate denoted C2 exhibited the highest potential as starting material in the preparation of Al/Fe-PILC catalysts, mainly due to its starting cationic exchange capacity (192 meq/100 g) and the dioctahedral nature of the smectite phase. These characteristics favored the intercalation of the mixed (Al13-x/Fex)7+ Keggin-type polyoxocations, stabilizing a basal spacing of 17.4 Å and high increase of the BET surface (194 m²/g), mainly represented in microporous content. According to H₂-TPR analyses, catalytic performance of the incorporated Fe in the Catalytic Wet Peroxide Oxidation (CWPO) reaction strongly depends on the level of location in mixed Al/Fe pillars. Altogether, such physicochemical characteristics promoted high performance in CWPO catalytic degradation of methyl orange in aqueous medium at very mild reaction temperatures (25.0 ± 1.0 °C) and pressure (76 kPa), achieving TOC removal of 52% and 70% of azo-dye decolourization in only 75 min of reaction under very low concentration of clay catalyst (0.05 g/L)

Efecto del escalamiento a 10 kg del catalizador Al/Fe-PILC sobre sus propiedades fisicoquímicas y catalíticas en la degradación de fenol

Durante la última década diferentes estudios han demostrado que las arcillas pilarizadas con el sistema mixto Al/Fe presentan una excelente respuesta catalítica en la degradación de compuestos orgánicos tóxicos disueltos en agua mediante Peroxidación Catalítica en Fase Húmeda (PCFH) [1-3]. Sin embargo,la implementación de ésta tecnología en la descontaminación de aguas a escala real depende fuertemente de la preparación reproducible del catalizador a mayor escala, sin una pérdida significativa de sus propiedades tanto fisicoquímicas como catalíticas. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo principal determinar el efecto de la preparación del catalizador Al/Fe-PILC en tres diferentes escalas y concentración de sus precursores

Adaptación y propiedades psicométricas de escalas sociocognitivas. Una aplicación en el ámbito vocacional científico-matemático

ABSTRACTThe aim of the study is to provide measures of the main constructs of Social Cognitive Career Theory that are reliable, valid and adjusted to the Spanish educational context. This methodological approach materializes in the scientific-mathematical field through five scales: self-efficacy, outcome expectations, interest, support and contextual barriers and occupational objectives/considerations. The study comprises three phases. First a review of the literature was carried out in order to identify instruments which could be adapted to the context and the target population: Spanish secondary school students. Next, specific methodological procedures for the adaptation of these instruments were adopted. Finally, the instruments were applied to a sample of 1465 students from eight secondary schools in Madrid and Castilla-La Mancha and their psychometric properties were evaluated. Taken as a whole the results suggest that the proposed scales are reliable and valid measures of the constructs. The reliability coefficients of the scales vary between .76 and .91. Exploratory factor analyses suggested solutions aligned with the theoretical and conceptual structure of the scales. The scales also correlated with each other in a way consistent with the theory and previous research. Thus the work provides the researchers with a set of useful tools for the study of career development and career building of Spanish secondary school students from the sociocognitive point of view.RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio es proporcionar medidas de los constructos principales de la Teoría Cognitivo Social del Desarrollo de la Carrera (Social Cognitive Career Theory - SCCT) que sean fiables, válidas y estén ajustadas al contexto educativo español. Esta propuesta metodológica se concreta en el ámbito científico-matemático a través de cinco escalas: autoeficacia, expectativas de resultado, intereses, apoyos y barreras contextuales y objetivos/consideraciones ocupacionales. El estudio comprende tres fases. Primero se llevó cabo una revisión de la literatura con el fin de identificar instrumentos que fueran susceptibles de adaptación al contexto y a la población de interés: alumnado español de educación secundaria. A continuación se adoptaron los procedimientos metodológicos especifícos para la adaptación de tales instrumentos. Finalmente, los instrumentos fueron aplicados a una muestra de 1465 estudiantes de 8 centros educativos de Madrid y Castilla-La Mancha y se evaluaron sus propiedades psicométricas. Tomados en conjunto los resultados sugieren que las escalas propuestas son medidas fiables y válidas de los constructos. Los coeficientes de fiabilidad de las escalas tomaron valores entre .76 y .91. Los análisis factoriales exploratorios sugirieron soluciones alineadas con la estructura teórico-conceptual de las escalas. Las escalas también correlacionaron entre sí de modo consistente con la teoria y la investigación previa. El trabajo, por tanto, ofrece a la comunidad investigadora un conjunto de instrumentos útiles para el estudio del desarrollo vocacional y la construcción de la carrera del alumnado español de educación secundaria desde parámetros cognitivo sociales.ABSTRACTThe aim of the study is to provide measures of the main constructs of Social Cognitive Career Theory that are reliable, valid and adjusted to the Spanish educational context. This methodological approach materializes in the scientific-mathematical field through five scales: self-efficacy, outcome expectations, interest, support and contextual barriers and occupational objectives/considerations. The study comprises three phases. First a review of the literature was carried out in order to identify instruments which could be adapted to the context and the target population: Spanish secondary school students. Next, specific methodological procedures for the adaptation of these instruments were adopted. Finally, the instruments were applied to a sample of 1465 students from eight secondary schools in Madrid and Castilla-La Mancha and their psychometric properties were evaluated. Taken as a whole the results suggest that the proposed scales are reliable and valid measures of the constructs. The reliability coefficients of the scales vary between .76 and .91. Exploratory factor analyses suggested solutions aligned with the theoretical and conceptual structure of the scales. The scales also correlated with each other in a way consistent with the theory and previous research. Thus the work provides the researchers with a set of useful tools for the study of career development and career building of Spanish secondary school students from the sociocognitive point of view.

Preparation of Al/Fe-pillared clays: effect of the starting mineral

Four natural clays were modified with mixed polyoxocations of Al/Fe for evaluating the effect of the physicochemical properties of the starting materials (chemical composition, abundance of expandable clay phases, cationic exchange capacity and textural properties) on final physicochemical and catalytic properties of Al/Fe-PILCs. The aluminosilicate denoted C2 exhibited the highest potential as starting material in the preparation of Al/Fe-PILC catalysts, mainly due to its starting cationic exchange capacity (192 meq/100 g) and the dioctahedral nature of the smectite phase. These characteristics favored the intercalation of the mixed (Al13x/Fex)7+ Keggin-type polyoxocations, stabilizing a basal spacing of 17.4 Å and high increase of the BET surface (194 m2/g), mainly represented in microporous content. According to H2-TPR analyses, catalytic performance of the incorporated Fe in the CatalyticWet Peroxide Oxidation (CWPO) reaction strongly depends on the level of location in mixed Al/Fe pillars. Altogether, such physicochemical characteristics promoted high performance in CWPO catalytic degradation of methyl orange in aqueous medium at very mild reaction temperatures (25.0 1.0 C) and pressure (76 kPa), achieving TOC removal of 52% and 70% of azo-dye decolourization in only 75 min of reaction under very low concentration of clay catalyst (0.05 g/L).The financial support from Proyecto Agua Potable Nariño (BPIN 2014000100020), CT&I Fund of the SGR—Colombia is kindly acknowledged. HJM also gratefully thanks the MSc scholarship granted by Departamento de Nariño (BPIN 2013000100092) and managed by CEIBA Foundation, Colombia. M.A.V. and A.G. thank the support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) (projects MAT2013-47811-C2-R and MAT2016-78863-C2-R). A.G. is also grateful for financial support from Santander Bank through the Research Intensification Program

VENEZUELA. Cartas náuticas (1754?). 1:51441

Orientado con lis en rosa de 8 vientos prolongadosIndica veriles, bajos, fondeaderos y sondas batimétricasManuscrito a plumilla en tinta negra y coloreado a la acuarela en verdeNota explicativa sobre las mareasTítulo enmarcado en cartela decorada con instrumentos geográficosCopia digital. Madrid : Ministerio de Cultura. Dirección General del Libro, Archivos y Bibliotecas, 201

10 kg scaled-up preparation of Al/Fe-pillared clay CWPO catalysts from concentrated precursors

In this work, the significant intensification of a bentonite pillaring process was achieved by using a novel methodological approach, leading to an intercalating Al/Fe mixed oligomeric precursor, around 100 times more concentrated than usually reported. In addition, the intercalating step was achieved directly on the clay with no previous swelling of the mineral being required; this allowed the successful scaled-up preparation of the Al/Fe-PILC, by a factor of one thousand, from the lab (10 g) to the pilot scale (10 kg). Intercalating solutions prepared under either oncentrated (13 cm3) or diluted (widely reported, 2.0 dm3) conditions for lab-scale preparations were both translucent, displaying similar final pH values (close to 4.0) typical of highly oligomerized Al-pillaring solutions. The clay modified from concentrated precursors at the 10 g scale reached a high basal spacing (18.3 Å) and specific surface area (198 m2 g−1 ) with very comparable fractions of Fe forming truly mixed Al/Fe pillars in comparison to a reference material (H2-TPR analyses). This promoted high performance in the catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of phenol in aqueous solution as a toxic model organic molecule at very mild temperature (25.0 °C ± 1.0 °C) and pressure (76 kPa), exhibiting the highest catalytic efficiency as a function of both parameters (full conversion of phenol together with 45.2% of TOC mineralization) with low iron leaching using a very low catalyst concentration (0.25 g dm−3). Particle size refining of the starting clay, the speed of stirring and conditions for the final washing of the interlayered precursor are the main factors influencing successful pillaring at scales higher than 1.0 kg