Distribution of dopamine- and cAMP-dependent phosphoprotein (DARPP-32) in the developing and mature kidney

Distribution of dopamine- and cAMP-dependent phosphoprotein (DARPP-32) in the developing and the mature kidney. DARPP-32 is a dopamine- and cAMP-regulated inhibitor of protein phosphatase-1 (PP-1). Dopamine and DARPP-32 regulate sodium reabsorption in renal tubules by inhibiting the activity of Na+,K+-ATPase. We here report the pre- and postnatal distributions of DARPP-32 in the kidney as demonstrated by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. With immunoblotting we examined the abundance of DARPP-32 and the functionally similar but more widespread inhibitor of PP-1, inhibitor-1 (I-1). We compared their relative abundance in the renal cortex, renal medulla and neostriatum from the brain, where DARPP-32 is greatly enriched. DARPP-32 levels in the adult rat were fourfold higher in the neostriatum than in the renal medulla and 13-fold higher than in the renal cortex. I-1 levels were approximately the same in the neostriatum and in the renal medulla and 2.5-fold higher in neostriatum than in the renal cortex. Between postnatal day 10 (PN10) and 40 (PN40) DARPP-32 abundance increased 1.3-fold in the neostriatum, 1.4-fold in the renal cortex and sixfold in the medulla. The abundance of I-1 did not increase in the striatum from PN10 to PN40 but increased 1.5-fold in the renal cortex and threefold in the renal medulla. Thus, during the time of maturation of tubular transport function, the levels of both PP-1 inhibitors increased in the kidney, the largest increase being found in the renal medulla. With immunohistochemistry strong DARPP-32-like-immunoreactivity (DARPP-32-LI) was detected in the ureteral buds from gestational day 18 and up to postnatal day 8 when nephrogenesis was completed. No I-1-like immunoreactivity (I-1-LI) was found in the ureteral buds. From gestational day 21, DARPP-32-LI was identified in the proximal convoluted tubules. After postnatal day 8, DARPP-32-LI increased greatly in the medullary tubules of the thick ascending limb of Henle. These results suggest two separate roles for DARPP-32 in renal function. During tubulogenesis, DARPP-32 may participate in differentiation/proliferation. In the mature kidney, DARPP-32 participates in the regulation of sodium excretion

Coexisting NPY and NE synergistically regulate renal tubular Na+, K+-ATPase activity

Coexisting NPY and NE synergistically regulate renal tubular Na+, K+-ATPase activity. The sympathetic renal nerves are of central importance for the regulation of sodium balance. Sodium excretion decreases following renal nerve activation and increases following denervation. These effects have been attributed to norepinephrine (NE) acting on α-adrenergic receptors. In the present study, using isolated permeabilized rat renal proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) cells, neuropeptide Y (NPY) was shown to stimulate Na+, K+-ATPase activity. This 36-amino acid peptide is a messenger molecule in the sympathetic nervous system which is co-stored with NE and dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH), the NE synthesizing enzyme in the renal nerves. The effect is likely to be mediated via the NPY Y2 receptor, a pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive G-protein, and calcium. It is partically antagonized by α-adrenergic antagonists, and enhanced by the subthreshold doses of α-adrenergic agonists. Our results suggest an important role for this peptide in the regulation of the sodium balance in the kidney

Mit Schüler*innen über Anspruchsdimensionen eines inklusiven Sportunterrichts reflektieren - Entwicklung eines anforderungssituationsbezogenen Kompetenzprofils für Sportlehrkräfte

Im Rahmen eines inklusiven Sportunterrichts, an den die Ansprüche der Teilhabe, Anerkennung und individuellen Förderung aller Schüler*innen gestellt werden, werden Sportlehrkräfte mit verschiedenen Anforderungssituationen konfrontiert. Dazu zählt u.a. mit den Schüler*innen über die Ansprüche und Situationen, in denen diese verletzt werden, zu reflektieren (Greve, 2016). Jedoch ist bislang unklar, welche Kompetenzen Lehrkräfte benötigen, um diese Anforderungssituationen zu bewältigen. Einem Ansatz folgend, der Kompetenzen als Kontinuum zwischen Performanz, situationsspezifischen Fähigkeiten und Dispositionen betrachtet (Blömeke, Gustafsson & Shavelson, 2015), nimmt sich der Beitrag diesem Desiderat an. Unter der Verwendung eines integrativen Verfahrens, das sowohl kontextualisiert-performanzorientierte also auch dekontextualisiert-dispositionsorientierte Zugänge zur Modellierung miteinander verknüpft, wird ein Kompetenzprofil zur Anforderungssituation „Mit Schüler*innen über Anspruchsdimensionen eines inklusiven Sportunterrichts reflektieren“ (Erhorn & Langer, 2022, S. 108) entwickelt. Abstract In the context of inclusive physical education, which demands participation, recognition and individual support of all students, physical education teachers have to face different requirement situations. This includes reflecting with students on situations in which these demands are violated (Greve, 2016). However, it is not yet clear what competencies teachers need to meet these requirement situations. Following an approach that views competencies as a continuum between performance, situation-specific skills, and dispositions (Blömeke et al., 2015), this paper addresses this desideratum. Using an integrative procedure that combines both contextualized-performance-oriented and decontextualized-disposition-oriented approaches of modeling, a competency profile for the requirement situation "Reflecting with students on demands of inclusive physical education" (Erhorn & Langer, 2022, S. 108) is developed

Reflecting with students on demands dimensions of inclusive physical education - Development of a requirement situation-related competence profile for physical education teachers

Im Rahmen eines inklusiven Sportunterrichts, an den die Ansprüche der Teilhabe, Anerkennung und individuellen Förderung aller Schüler*innen gestellt werden, werden Sportlehrkräfte mit verschiedenen Anforderungssituationen konfrontiert. Dazu zählt u.a. mit den Schüler*innen über die Ansprüche und Situationen, in denen diese verletzt werden, zu reflektieren (Greve, 2016). Jedoch ist bislang unklar, welche Kompetenzen Lehrkräfte benötigen, um diese Anforderungssituationen zu bewältigen. Einem Ansatz folgend, der Kompetenzen als Kontinuum zwischen Performanz, situationsspezifischen Fähigkeiten und Dispositionen betrachtet (Blömeke, Gustafsson & Shavelson, 2015), nimmt sich der Beitrag diesem Desiderat an. Unter der Verwendung eines integrativen Verfahrens, das sowohl kontextualisiert-performanzorientierte also auch dekontextualisiert-dispositionsorientierte Zugänge zur Modellierung miteinander verknüpft, wird ein Kompetenzprofil zur Anforderungssituation "Mit Schüler*innen über Anspruchsdimensionen eines inklusiven Sportunterrichts reflektieren" (Erhorn & Langer, 2022, S. 108) entwickelt. (DIPF/Orig.)In the context of inclusive physical education, which demands participation, recognition and individual support of all students, physical education teachers have to face different requirement situations. This includes reflecting with students on situations in which these demands are violated (Greve, 2016). However, it is not yet clear what competencies teachers need to meet these requirement situations. Following an approach that views competencies as a continuum between performance, situation-specific skills, and dispositions (Blömeke et al., 2015), this paper addresses this desideratum. Using an integrative procedure that combines both contextualized-performance-oriented and decontextualized-disposition-oriented approaches of modeling, a competency profile for the requirement situation "Reflecting with students on demands of inclusive physical education" (Erhorn & Langer, 2022, S. 108) is developed. (DIPF/Orig.

pH effects on the molecular structure and charging state of b-Escin biosurfactants at the air-water interface

Saponins like b-escin exhibit an unusually high surface activity paired with a remarkable surface rheology which makes them as biosurfactants highly interesting for applications in soft matter colloids and at interfaces. We have applied vibrational sum-frequency generation (SFG) to study b-escin adsorption layers at the air-water interface as a function of electrolyte pH and compare the results from SFG spectroscopy to complementary experiments that have addressed the surface tension and the surface dilational rheology. SFG spectra of b-escin modified air-water interfaces demonstrate that the SFG intensity of OAH stretching vibrations from interfacial water molecules is a function of pH and dramatically increases when the pH is increased from acidic to basic conditions and reaches a plateau at a solution pH of > 6. These changes are attributable to the interfacial charging state and to the deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group of b-escin. Thus, the change in OAH intensity provides qualitative information on the degree of protonation of this group at the air-water interface. At pH < 4 the air-water interface is dominated by the charge neutral form of b-escin, while at pH > 6 its carboxylic acid group is fully deprotonated and, consequently, the interface is highly charged. These observations are corroborated by the change in equilibrium surface tension which is qualitatively similar to the change in OAH intensity as seen in the SFG spectra. Further, once the surface layer is charge neutral, the surface elasticity drastically increases. This can be attributed to a change in prevailing intermolecular interactions that change from dominating repulsive electrostatic interactions at high pH, to dominating attractive interactions, such as hydrophobic and dispersive interactions, as well as, hydrogen bonding at low pH values. In addition to the clear changes in OAH intensity from interfacial H2O, the SFG spectra exhibit drastic changes in the CAH bands from interfacial b-escin which we relate to differences in the net molecular orientation. This orientation change is driven by tighter packing of b-escin adsorption layers when the b-escin moiety is in its charge neutral form (pH < 4).The authors gratefully acknowledge funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant Agreement 638278).Ye

Streaming – Ein nachhaltiger Hoffnungsträger für die Musikindustrie?

The main question of the thesis is whether streaming in the future will be able to establish itself as a sustainable model for the music industry and what present obstacles there are as well as possible solutions to these. As extant research has not yet extensively examined streaming or only partial aspects of it, the goal is to look at the results in context and thus create a more complete picture. To achieve this a wealth of secondary data is analyzed for example a great number of studies and surveys are included. One of the main results is that streaming in its current form is not yet able to capture wide parts of the consumers in the market. Moreover, it is shown that the industry’s structures, especially in regards to licensing and income distribution, are quite complex and lead to uncertainties. This creates mistrust among the artists, whose support is vital if the model is to be successful. Not all of the actions within the industry concerning substitution or complementation are well informed and constructive. The conclusion can thus be drawn that various aspects of the streaming model are still in need of being revised to make it an essential part of the music industry in the long run. This is especially true for transparency between the different actors and the extension of the currents offers to expand the user bases

Subject-oriented software development as a challenge for media education: Interdisziplinäre Zugänge in den Digital Humanities

Die Medienpädagogik öffnet sich zunehmend interdisziplinären Zugängen und wird von unterschiedlichen Bereichen wie den Digital Humanities angefragt, ihre Expertise einzubringen. Dabei kennzeichnet die Digital Humanities eine intensive interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit und innovative wissenschaftliche Fragstellungen. Die Forschungssoftware, mit der diese innovativen Fragestellungen bearbeiten werden sollen, muss entsprechend flexibel sein, um sich mit den evolvierenden Aufgaben zu entwickeln. Dies birgt für die Softwareentwicklung in diesem Bereich vielfältige Unwägbarkeiten. Komplexitätssteigernd wirkt, dass hier nicht einfache Software für den Alltag erarbeitet werden muss. Vielmehr gilt es, digitalen Umgebungen für sich stetig weiterentwickelnde Forschungen gerecht zu werden und je nach Projektkontext unterschiedlichen Anforderungen zu genügen. Diese Anforderungen sind für Nicht-Softwareentwickler häufig nicht leicht zu verbalisieren. In diesem Beitrag stehen die interdisziplinäre Bearbeitung und Bündelung unterschiedlicher Expertisen im Vordergrund, um subjektorientierte Lösungen für solch komplexe Fragestellungen zu entwickeln. Der Beitrag diskutiert diese Themen beispielhaft anhand der interdisziplinären Projektarbeit der Medienforschung, der Medienpädagogik und der Informatik zur Softwareunterstützung digitaler Musikeditionen und somit der Verarbeitung von textuellen und nichttextuellen Daten. Hierbei steht die Methode zur Erforschung impliziten Wissens und deren Transfer für die Softwareentwicklung im Mittelpunkt der Diskussion. Daraus werden abschliessend medienpädagogische Empfehlungen für die Softwareentwicklung und für die Bildungsbedarfe in diesen Bereichen formuliert.Complex questions are currently discussed in the field of Digital Humanities. This does not only concern the cultural side of humanities but also the digital representation of cultural artefacts their processing, analysis and long-term availability. To handle all these facets, interdisciplinary collaboration is required. Software development in digital humanities is one aspect within this discipline. Highly specialized software is developed for scientific research. This introduces an uncertain element when designing the software: the user group is characterised by expertise and their knowledge is therefore often implicit. Research with digital data in a digital environment being different from traditional research and its continual advancement increase the complexity even further. These issues have to be recognized by all participating research disciplines with DH context in order to make research contributions. The article discusses these topics using the interdisciplinary project work of media studies and computer science for software support of digital music editing and thus handling of textual and non-textual data. The method of researching the perspective and needs of the subjects and converting them to requirements are the focus of this discussion

DARPP-32 and inhibitor-1 are expressed in pancreatic β-cells

Insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells has to be tightly regulated to ensure accurate glucose homeostasis. The capacity of β-cells to respond to extracellular stimulation is determined by several signaling pathways. One important feature of these pathways is phosphorylation and subsequent dephosphorylation of a wide range of cellular substrates. Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) is a major eukaryotic serine/threonine protein phosphatase that controls a multitude of physiological processes. We have investigated the expression and cellular distribution of two endogenous inhibitors of PP1 activity in β-cells. RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry showed that DARPP-32 and inhibitor-1 are present in insulin-secreting endocrine β-cells. Subcellular fractionation of mouse islets revealed that both PP1 inhibitors predominantly localized to cytosol-enriched fractions. Inhibitor-1 was also present in fractions containing plasma membrane-associated proteins. These data indicate a potential role for DARPP-32 and inhibitor-1 in the regulation of PP1 activity in pancreatic β-cell stimulus-secretion coupling