Aragon résistant : la construction d'un discours national

International audienceIt is well known that one of the most illustrious pages of the political and literary history of France is the one written by the Communist poet and novelist Aragon who united the idea of the nation with that of resistance, thus salvaging for the next generations the honor of the Republic.It is nonetheless true that his discourse advocating resistance and his calls, in various forms, for national unity are not only circumstantial. They participate in the progressive elaboration of a national myth that can be traced back to the 1930s and to Maurice Thorez, the leader of a party which added the adjective “French” to its name. It was Aragon's role to foster the literary aspect of this national myth.The present study aims at taking stock of the development of this national discourse in Aragon's writings and of its major issues in the context of the events of the 1930s and 1940s.On sait qu'au nombre des pages importantes de l'Histoire littéraire et politique de la France figurent celles sur lesquelles le communiste Aragon a associé l'idée de Nation à celle de Résistance, sauvant ainsi pour les générations suivantes l'honneur de ceux qui bradèrent la République. Reste que ce discours de résistance et ses appels, sous des formes diverses, à l'unité nationale, n'est pas seulement un appel de circonstance. Il s'inscrit dans la lente élaboration d'un mythe national mis au jour depuis les années 1930 sous Maurice Thorez dans un parti qui se désigne à présent comme « français » : c'est déjà à Aragon que revient la paternité du versant littéraire de ce mythe national. Cette étude se propose de faire un point sur la mise en place de ce discours national chez Aragon, et de ses enjeux dans l'actualité des années trente à quarante. It is well known that one of the most illustrious pages of the political and literary history of France is the one written by the Communist poet and novelist Aragon who united the idea of the nation with that of resistance, thus salvaging for the next generations the honor of the Republic. It is nonetheless true that his discourse advocating resistance and his calls, in various forms, for national unity are not only circumstantial. They participate in the progressive elaboration of a national myth that can be traced back to the 1930s and to Maurice Thorez, the leader of a party which added the adjective " French " to its name. It was Aragon's role to foster the literary aspect of this national myth. The present study aims at taking stock of the development of this national discourse in Aragon's writings and of its major issues in the context of the events of the 1930s and 1940s

La PI3-kinase : De la synapse immunologique au contrôle de la prolifération T

Le contrôle de la quiescence lymphocytaire est un élément essentiel à l’homéostasie du système immunitaire. Cet état quiescent est activement maintenu par des facteurs transcriptionnels nucléaires, de la famille FoxO (Forkhead subgroup O) notamment. Cet équilibre est cependant rompu à la suite de la reconnaissance de l’antigène, ce qui déclenche la division cellulaire. Cet article fait le point des données récemment acquises sur les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans ce phénomène. Il décrit ainsi comment la synapse immunologique formée entre un lymphocyte T et une cellule présentant l’antigène constitue une plate-forme d’intégration au sein de laquelle il existe une production continue de 3’-phospho-inositides sous l’impulsion des phosphoinositides-3-kinases. En provoquant l’activation de la sérine-thréonine kinase Akt, ce processus stimule l’exclusion nucléaire des FoxO pour lever le frein permanent qu’ils exercent et permettre l’expansion clonale des cellules T en réponse à l’antigène.T cell clonal expansion contributing to host defense against pathogens is a tightly controlled process to maintain the homeostasis of the immune system. Our understanding of how T cell growth and proliferation are controlled following antigenic stimulation is therefore a major challenge. Antigen recognition occurs when a naive T lymphocyte contacts an antigen-presenting cell. A specialized junction enriched in T-cell receptors, costimulation molecules and signaling adaptors, called the immunological synapse, is then created for several hours between the two cell types. Recent discoveries now clarify the molecular mechanisms used by this organization to control T cell growth and proliferation. It has been established that the immunological synapse functions in fact as an integrative platform where class Ia phosphoinositide-3-kinases (PI3Ks) are recruited and activated to continuously produce high levels of 3’-phosphoinositides. These lipids regulate the localization and the activation of a wide range of PH-domain containing proteins, among which the serine-threonine kinase Akt, a downstream effector of PI3Ks, appears to be a key player. FoxO (Forkhead subgroup O) family members control in various cell systems genes implicated in apoptosis, stress resistance and cell cycle arrest, thereby contributing to maintain quiescence in unstimulated cells. In naïve T cells contacting antigen-presenting cells a rapid but also very prolonged nuclear exclusion of these transcription factors is observed downstream of Akt. Mainly, this compartmentalization process is mandatory to induce T cell growth triggered by the T cell/antigen-presenting cell interaction. These findings demonstrate that to initiate cell cycle progression the formation of the immunological synapse is an undemanding tactic used by primary T cells to securely maintain the 3’-phosphoinositide-dependent mitotic switch governed by the spatial control of FoxO transcription factors

Pediatric liver transplantation from neonatal donors

Sixteen recipients of neonatal liver grafts were compared with 114 contemporaneous pediatric recipients of grafts from older donors. Graft and patient survival were worse in the neonatal group although the differences were not statistically significant. Patients with neonatal livers who had no technical complications required a longer time postoperatively to correct jaundice and a prolonged prothrombin time. These functional differences were limited to the 1st postoperative month and the end result was the same as with liver transplantation from older donors. © 1992 Springer-Verlag

La synapse immunologique : des modèles aux réalités

Bien des années après avoir découvert que, à l’instar des neurones, les cellules du système immunitaire communiquent entre elles au niveau de jonctions spécialisées de type synapse, la fonction de ces structures est ainsi toujours discutée. La raison de ce questionnement persistant est sans doute à rechercher dans une surinterprétation de l’organisation moléculaire particulière que l’on observe dans des conditions expérimentales peu physiologiques à la jonction cellule T/cellule présentatrice d’antigène, et dans une généralisation abusive du modèle qui en a été tiré. L’ambition de cet article est donc de faire le point sur les limites d’une vision provisoirement dominante de la synapse immunologique, et de présenter un autre point de vue sur cette structure et son fonctionnement.The notion of immunological synapse is generally associated to a concentric structure (a core of T cell receptors surrounded by a ring of adhesion molecules) often called “mature synapse”. This schematic view has been built on observations corresponding to peculiar experimental conditions: very high antigen concentration presented by surrogate APCs such as lipid bilayers or B lymphoma. These observations have been hastily constituted in a dogma that a “normal” synapse should look like this, should form only in the presence of antigen, and should trigger a “stop” signal that completely immobilizes the T cell. However, when analyzing the interaction between naive T cells and dendritic cells (DC), that are the only antigen-presenting cells able to activate naive T cells, a very different picture emerges. Firstly, T-DC synapses can form in the absence of antigen; therefore antigen recognition is not a prerequisite for synapse formation. Secondly, these antigen-independent synapses are likely to play several roles, including sensitization of T cells for later antigen detection, and delivery of survival signals. Thirdly, in vivo, naive T cells interacting with antigen-laden DC do not fully stop, but start to make transient contacts with DCs for a few minutes, before continuing their exploration. It is only after several hours of this process that T cells eventually immobilize. Fourthly, the structure of the T-DC synapse is clearly multifocal, the two cells interacting through several tens of tight appositions of a few tens of nm in diameter. These numerous tight appositions are reminiscent of the microclusters that have been recently described at the T-bilayer interface. Finally, synaptic signaling is not a transient initial event, but is sustained for hours. In particular, sustained activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase allows the exclusion out of the nucleus of FoxO transcription factors, normally maintaining T cells in a quiescent state

REVERSAL OF HEPATIC ALPHA-1-ANTITRYPSIN DEPOSITION AFTER PORTACAVAL SHUNT

End-to-side portacaval shunts were carried out in three children with the liver disease of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency and complications of portal hypertension. Their clinical courses have been stable for 31/2 to almost 7 years. Postoperative liver biopsy material from two of the patients showed the typical histopathological changes caused by portal diversion, as well as an apparent reduction in the quantity of alpha-1-antitrypsin particles in the hepatocytes. The metabolic changes caused by portal diversion have apparently created a more favourable equilibrium between the synthesis and excretion of the abnormal alpha-1-antitrypsin. © 1983

Phase Space Isometries and Equivariant Localization of Path Integrals in Two Dimensions

By considering the most general metric which can occur on a contractable two dimensional symplectic manifold, we find the most general Hamiltonians on a two dimensional phase space to which equivariant localization formulas for the associated path integrals can be applied. We show that in the case of a maximally symmetric phase space the only applicable Hamiltonians are essentially harmonic oscillators, while for non-homogeneous phase spaces the possibilities are more numerous but ambiguities in the path integrals occur. In the latter case we give general formulas for the Darboux Hamiltonians, as well as the Hamiltonians which result naturally from a generalized coherent state formulation of the quantum theory which shows that again the Hamiltonians so obtained are just generalized versions of harmonic oscillators. Our analysis and results describe the quantum geometry of some two dimensional systems.Comment: 26 pages, plain TeX; UBCTP 93-01

Liver transplantation for colorectal liver metastasis: Survival without recurrence can be achieved

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Neuregulin signaling regulates neural precursor growth and the generation of oligodendrocytes in vitro

Peer reviewe

Bridging Cultures, Leading Peace: Leadership and Interculturalism in the Israel-Egypt Peace Negotiations

The 1979 peace treaty between Israel and Egypt marked a historic turning point in Middle Eastern diplomacy, establishing the first formal recognition of Israel by an Arab state. This article revisits the Israeli-Egyptian peace process to examine the interplay between political leadership and intercultural competence in the achievement of breakthrough agreements. While the roles of Anwar Sadat, Menachem Begin, and U.S. President Jimmy Carter have been widely acknowledged, this study argues that visionary and courageous leadership, though indispensable, was not sufficient on its own. Instead, it contends that the leaders\u27 ability to navigate intercultural dynamics—through empathy, symbolic communication, and cultural sensitivity—was a critical enabling factor that amplified the effectiveness of their leadership. Drawing on historical analysis and theoretical perspectives from international relations, the article explores how intercultural competence contributed to building trust, overcoming misperceptions, and sustaining diplomatic engagement. By integrating leadership theory with insights from intercultural communication, this study advances a dual proposition: that exceptional leadership is a necessary condition for landmark peace agreements, and that its success in culturally complex conflicts depends significantly on the leader’s intercultural acumen. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the conditions under which diplomatic breakthroughs occur and offer practical implications for contemporary conflict resolution and negotiation strategy