EXPERIENCES OF DRUG USERS IN IIA CLASS JAIL YOGYAKARTA

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) estimated that about 149-272 million people or 3.3 % - 6.1 % of world population aged 15-64 years used drugs (even once) during their life time. This estimation will increase with time (BNN, 2011). The number of prisoners suffering HIV/AIDS in recent years were increasing as well if compared to its numbers in the year 2011 from 787 people to 1042 people. It was estimated that in the year 2015, the number of drug users in Indonesia would increase to 5.8 million people, since the number of drug users at the present time were reached 4 million people. For the time being, in Yogyakarta second A class drug jail , the number of drug users were 256 people; this number were constant; its mean that if there was prisoner got his / her freedom, another prisoner was incoming. Data from BNN in August 2013 years, 70% of 4 million drug users in Indonesia were workers (productive aged). Aim; To discovered population research experiences that cause them used drugs and depend on its. Research method: This was qualitative research with phenomenological approach. Data gathering technique were deep interview and FGD toward 30 respondents. Data were analyzed using reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification. The majority of respondents mentioned that they used drugs because of they wanted to know and the influence of friends. Drugs, kinds of sabu, used to increase energy and ganja were used to obtain peacefulness. Drugs users wanted to use its forever; therefore, they wanted to stop because of punishment to be in jail not because of the drugs had negative effects to the body. The majority of respondents mentioned that to stop using drugs must be self motivated; on the contrary, the obstacle to stop using drugs because of missing sensation to use it. They named it suggest. Using drugs were conducted by research population because of environmental influence, to increase energy and to obtain peacefulness. Keywords : The experiences of drug use

DIGITAL RUBLE AS A STATE ELECTRONIC CURRENCY: PROSPECTS AND RISKS OF IMPLEMENTATION

Статья посвящена обзору нового финансового инструмента - цифровой валюты Центрального банка (ЦВЦБ). В статье рассматриваются предпосылки и процесс внедрения новой валюты – Цифрового рубля – в обращение, анализируется международный опыт центральных банков иностранных государств по разработке и внедрению в финансовую систему национальных цифровых валют, приводятся потенциальные риски и выгоды, связанные с эмиссией валюты, а также ее последствия для банковской сферы и частных пользователей цифровыми финансовыми активами.The article is devoted to the review of a new financial instrument - the digital currency of the Central Bank (CBDC). The article discusses the prerequisites and the process of introducing a new currency - the Digital Ruble - into circulation, analyzes the international experience of the central banks of foreign states in the development and implementation of national digital currencies in the financial system, presents the potential risks and benefits associated with the issuance of the currency, as well as its consequences for banking sector and private users of digital financial asset

The urbilaterian brain revisited: novel insights into old questions from new flatworm clades

Flatworms are classically considered to represent the simplest organizational form of all living bilaterians with a true central nervous system. Based on their simple body plans, all flatworms have been traditionally grouped together in a single phylum at the base of the bilaterians. Current molecular phylogenomic studies now split the flatworms into two widely separated clades, the acoelomorph flatworms and the platyhelminth flatworms, such that the last common ancestor of both clades corresponds to the urbilaterian ancestor of all bilaterian animals. Remarkably, recent comparative neuroanatomical analyses of acoelomorphs and platyhelminths show that both of these flatworm groups have complex anterior brains with surprisingly similar basic neuroarchitectures. Taken together, these findings imply that fundamental neuroanatomical features of the brain in the two separate flatworm groups are likely to be primitive and derived from the urbilaterian brain