Foreign language test for people with disabilities: basic requirements and specifics of development

The article describes the specifics of developing a foreign language test for people with disabilities. It is obvious that such tests have differences in organization and content compared to tests for ordinary students. They have structural, content, functional flexibility and variability depending on the type of violation. The article also notes the importance of taking into account discursive characteristics for determining test situations and selecting language, speech, and communication material while creating each specific test. It is revealed that testers and testologists should have the inclusive competence to develop test materials and conduct the exam.   Such inclusive features should be taken into account while creating materials for testing in a foreign language for people with disabilities. To prove that consideration of these features is necessary, an experiment was conducted in which 15 students with partial and complete vision loss who plan to take a test for the level of foreign language proficiency participated. The students were from different countries: Syria, Egypt, and China. The analysis of respondents ' responses showed that the factors identified in the article are important and should be taken into account in the process of preparing test materials. The results obtained can be used by creators of test materials for people with disabilities, scientists who are engaged in related research in this area

Chemiluminescence activity of neutrophil granulocytes under the influence of magnetic nanoparticles of ferrihydrite (<i>in vitro</i>)

The article presents the results of studying and evaluating the impact of magnetic nanoparticles of ferrihydrite on neutrophil granulocytes in human blood (in vitro) in order to determine their bio compatibility and eco toxicity. The subject soft here search were blood neutrophil granulocytes of 29 conditionally-healthy donors of blood, as well as magnetic nanoparticles of ferrihydrite (NP), the preparation dose in minimum concentration reached 25 mg, in maximum concentration it reached 50 mg per 106 cells/ml. We implemented the sol of magnetic NP, obtained by biogenic synthesis in International Scientific Centre for Studying Extreme States of an Organism. Functional activity of blood neutrophil granulocytes has been determined by luminol-dependent chemiluminescence. Magnetic NP were introduced into pilot samples straight before chemiluminescent analysis, and also after the incubation with in 30 minutes under 37 °С entigrade. As a result of thee stimation of the early response of neutrophil granulocytes to the influence of minimum concentration of magnetic NP in vitro we found statistically true decrease of the intensity (1.6 times), the area under the curve (2.1 times) in zymosan-induced chemiluminescent response, the activation index (2.3 times). When evaluating the late response of neutrophil granulocytes to the influence of maximum concentration of magnetic NP in vitro we have found statistically true lowering of the time of reaching the peak (10 times) of spontaneous chemiluminescence. More over we marked consider able lowering of maximum intensity 6 times and the reduction of the area under the curve of zymosan-induced chemiluminescence 5.6 times under the influence of magnetic NP under the lowering of activation index 3.7 times. The authors determined that magnetic NP were intensively decreasing the functional activity of neutrophil granulocytes. The intensity of the impact is higher under the preliminary incubation of the cells with magnetic NP. At the same time, short effect of magnetic NP to neutrophil granulocytes can be a modulating one and depends on the initial level of cell reactivity. We revealed that magnetic NP influence concerns only activated cells

Старт и интенсификация инсулинотерапии у пациентов с сахарным диабетом 2-го типа: анализ влияния на бюджет

To date, several options for starting and intensifying insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been proposed. Meta-analyzes of the recent results shows that, with adequate use, all these regimens have the similar efficacy and safety; therefore, when choosing a therapeutic approach, the patient’s requirements and preferences become highly significant. The aim of this study was to assess how changes in the current practice of insulin therapy in patients with T2DM can impact the federal healthcare budget. Materials and Methods. Based on the results of the DURABLE clinical trial, we created a “decision tree” model that allowed us to calculate the costs of 48-week insulin therapy in 1000 T2DM patients who had never received insulin before that trial. The cases selected for modeling included patients on one of two starting regimens – basal insulin (glargine) or a ready-made mixture (biphasic lispro 25). After 24 weeks, upon achieving or not achieving the target HbA1c values, a decision was made whether to intensify the therapy by using the basal bolus therapy (glargine and lispro) or the ready-made mixtures (biphasic 25 or 50 lispro). The weighted average price of 1 IU insulin (according to public procurement data) was used for calculations. Results. Within the current practice of prescribing ready-made mixtures at the start and the intensification rate of 20%, the annual cost of purchasing insulin for the model population of 1,000 patients was 22.5 million rubles. If the use of ready-made mixtures increased to 35% at initiation and to 50% with intensification, the costs would be reduced by by 1.9 million rubles. In the cases when only basal insulin was prescribed for the start, the annual costs amounted to 23.8 million rubles (if only 20% of patients received a ready-made mixture with intensification) and to 22.8 million (if 50% of patients received a ready-made mixture with intensification). Conclusion. As a result of this analysis, an increase in the number of patients who use a ready-made mixture for the initiation or intensification of insulin therapy can lead to reducing the budget costs for purchasing insulin analogues for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.На настоящий момент предложено несколько вариантов старта и интенсификации инсулинотерапии у пациентов с сахарным диабетом (СД) 2-го типа. Проведенные в последние годы мета-анализы результатов клинических исследований показали, что при адекватном использовании эти режимы обладают одинаковой эффективностью и безопасностью, таким образом, при выборе подхода к терапии большую роль стали играть индивидуальные особенности пациента и его предпочтения. Целью настоящего исследования была оценка влияния на государственный бюджет изменения текущей практики старта и интенсификации инсулинотерапии у пациентов с сахарным диабетом 2-го типа. Материалы и методы. На основании результатов клинического исследования DURABLE была построена модель «древа решений», в которой рассчитывались затраты на инсулинотерапию в течение 48 недель у популяции из 1000 пациентов с СД 2-го типа, ранее не получавших инсулин. При входе в модель пациентам назначался один из стартовых режимов – базальный инсулин (гларгин) или готовая смесь (двухфазный лизпро 25). Через 24 недели на основании достижения целевых значений HbA1c принималось решение о необходимости интенсификации с использованием базис-болюсной терапии (ББТ) – гларгин и лизпро или готовых смесей – двухфазный лизпро 25 или 50. Для расчетов были использованы средневзвешенные цены за 1 МЕ, по данным государственных закупок. Результаты. При текущей практике (частота назначения готовых смесей при старте и интенсификации инсулинотерапии 20%) годовые затраты на закупку инсулинов для моделируемой популяции составили 22,5 млн руб. Увеличение частоты назначения готовых смесей до 35% при старте и 50% при интенсификации позволило снизить затраты на 1,9 млн руб. В случае, если для старта назначался только базальный инсулин, годовые затраты составили 23,8 млн руб. (готовая смесь при интенсификации назначается в 20% случаев) и 22,8 млн (готовая смесь в 50% случаев при интенсификации). Заключение. В результате проведенного анализа было показано, что увеличение числа пациентов, у которых для старта или интенсификации инсулинотерапии используется готовая смесь, позволяет сократить бюджетные затраты на закупку аналогов инсулина для пациентов с сахарным диабетом 2-го типа.

Molecular markers as tools in breeding for resistance to Potato Virus Y

Potato virus Y (PVY) is an economically important pathogen of potato as a vegetatively propagated crop. High resistance to all strains of PVY is determined by Ry-genes, which are introgressed into modern potato varieties from a limited number of sources of resistance ‒ Solanum stoloniferum Schlechtd. et Bche., Solanum andigenum Juz. et Buk., Solanum chacoense Bitt. Use of new species Solanum and interspecific hybrids based on them provides for the expansion of existing potato gene pool in breeding for resistance to PVY. Traditional breeding for resistance to viruses has still a great potential, though, it is a long and laborious process. Molecular markers linked to Ry-genes are widely integrated in order to increase the effectiveness of practical breeding. Previous studies have revealed a number of shortcomings in using the molecular markers of Ry-genes. To assess the predictive abilities of molecular markers RYSC3, M45, M6 of the Ryadg gene and YES3-3A of the Rysto gene for resistance to PVY, the F1 generation of two potato populations was studied, in the creation of which inter-specific hybrids were used. The nature of segregation 5:3 obtained by phenotype showed that the original parental forms can be the sources of not only previously identified, but also unidentified Ry-genes and Ny-genes of hypersensitivity. Correlation coefficient between the presence of markers and resistance to PVY was 0.64 for the YES3-3 marker (79 % matching) and 0.54 for RYSC3, М45, М6 markers (76 % matching). There have been revealed the cases of “false positive” results of the study (the presence of a marker in susceptible genotypes), which indicate to the insufficient effectiveness of the markers used. The marker segregation observed in the populations was consistent with chromatid segregation, confirming the simplex nature of Ry-genes inheritance from resistant parents. The ratio of genotypes with the presence/absence of markers was 0.86:1

THE USE OF GENETIC RESOURCES TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF POTATO BREEDING

To expand the genetic basis of newly created varieties of potatoes a complex interspecific hybrids from VIR (N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources) were used as parental lines that combine resistance to the most harmful pathogens with a complex of valuable commercial traits in progeny from crosses with breeding varieties. This provides the possibility to identify transgressive recombinants and increases the efficiency of selection of new promising varieties with different maturity and target use

Analysis of thermal work of boiler DKVR-20-13

The paper presents the results of a study of the thermal efficiency of the boiler DKVR-20-13. Based on the results of the study, the efficiency of the boiler is determined at various loads. There are given recommendations for increasing thermal efficiency.В работе изложены результаты исследования тепловой эффективности котла ДКВР-20-13. По результатам исследования определён КПД котла при различных нагрузках. Даны рекомендации по увеличению тепловой эффективности

Influence of nodular and severe forms of diffuse adenomyosis on reproductive function: a review of reproductive outcomes of surgical interventions and IVF

This review includes an analysis of clinical studies evaluating the effect of adenomyosis on reproductive function, as well as a review of studies on the relationship between surgical treat-ment options for adenomyosis and reproductive outcomes. Different studies of women populations after in vitro fertilization and/or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) and after surgical treatment of  deep adenomyosis have shown that adenomyosis in both cases has a negative effect on the reproductive outcome, although there are significant differences in these populations. In the literature, there are relatively few data on the degree of influence of the depth of the lesion on the realization of the reproductive function, however, a significant correlation was revealed between them. The positive effect of treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists, followed by surgical treatment of adenomyosis, has also been described in several literary sources, but there have been no controlled studies on this topic. Many studies do not meet the validity criteria due to the lack of clear criteria for inclusion and exclusion from the study.The choice of the optimal treatment options for adenomyosis based on the actual data is difficult due to the lack of reliable evidence of the relationship between fertility and the degree of adenomyosis. However, it is known that adenomyosis can reduce the likelihood of successful implantation so  ramatically that surgical or other treatment options are reasonably recom-mended. At the same time, it is necessary to assess the possible positive effect of the treatment options available in the doctor’s arsenal. Thus, timely referral to specialized treatment of ade-nomyosis may be crucial for the successful implementation of reproductive function in patients with suspicion or with an established diagnosis of adenomyosis in combination with recurrent miscarriage, who refuse to use assisted reproductive technologies, medical institutions. This review will analyze the relationship between infertility and adenomyosis, as well as review studies of reproductive outcomes in different options for surgical treatment of adenomyosis in infertile patients

Influence of the Integrative Approach on the Physical Fitness of Children 6–7 Years Old

Проблема укрепления здоровья, сохранения и благоприятного развития детей напрямую связана с развитием физических качеств. В статье рассматривается интегративный подход в использовании подвижных игр в семье и условиях детского сада. Целью нашего исследования явился анализ развития физических способностей детей 6–7 лет. В соответствии с целью поставлены задачи: 1) обосновать необходимость интегративного подхода в содействии развитию физических способностей детей 6–7 лет; 2) выявить исходные показатели физической подготовленности детей 6–7 лет и разработать программу, направленную на интеграцию семьи и детского сада, содействующую повышению физической подготовленности детей; 3) определить эффективность интегративного подхода. По результатам исследования была определена эффективность выбранного подхода, о чем свидетельствует повышение всех показателей физической подготовленности.The problem of health promotion, preservation and favorable development of children is directly related to the development of physical qualities. The article discusses an integrative approach in the interaction of the use of outdoor games in the family and in the kindergarten. The purpose of our study was the development of physical abilities of children 6–7 years old. In accordance with the goal, the following tasks were set: 1) to substantiate the need for an integrative approach in promoting the development of physical abilities of children 6–7 years old; 2) to identify the initial indicators of the physical fitness of children aged 6–7 and develop a program aimed at working in the integration of the family and the kindergarten, which helps to increase the physical fitness of children; 3) determine the effectiveness of the integrative approach. Based on the results of the study, the effectiveness of the chosen approach was determined, as evidenced by the increase in all indicators of physical fitness

Chronic endometritis and infertility — in vitro fertilization outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis

Background. The relevance of the problem is related to the high prevalence of chronic endometritis (CE); its role in female infertility, implantation failures during assisted reproductive technology procedures, and recurrent miscarriage; as well as the lack of a unified strategy in the diagnosis and treatment of this pathology. The present systematic review with a meta-analysis focuses on evaluating the impact of CE and its therapy on the outcome of in vitro fertilization. In addition, the effect of CE of various severity on the outcomes of assisted reproductive technologies is analyzed. Objective. To analyze the effect of CE of varying severity and its treatment on the outcomes of in vitro fertilization. Methods. Using PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Embase, ELibrary, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), WHO International Clinical Trials Registry, and Russian Science Citation Index, a systematic search was conducted for articles published over the past 12 years that met the following criteria: randomized controlled trial examining the effect of CE of varying severity on fertility and ways to treat it. The following indicators were calculated: ongoing pregnancy/live birth, clinical pregnancy, and miscarriage rates. A total of 4145 patients (from ten studies) were included. A meta-analysis was performed using Stata 11.0 software (The Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, UK). The heterogeneity was considered low at I2 &lt;30%, moderate at 30–50%, and high at &gt;50%. Results. Women with CE exhibited lower ongoing pregnancy/live birth (OR 1.97; p = 0.02) and clinical pregnancy rates (OR 2.28; p = 0.002) as compared to women without it. CE treatment increased the ongoing pregnancy/live birth (OR 5.33; p &lt; 0.0001) and clinical pregnancy rates (OR 3.64; p = 0.0001). In vitro fertilization outcomes were comparable in women treated for CE and women without CE (ongoing pregnancy/live birth rate, clinical pregnancy rate, and miscarriage rate: p = ns). Women with severe CE exhibited lower ongoing pregnancy/live birth (OR 0.43; p = 0.003) and clinical pregnancy rates (OR 0.40; p = 0.0007). Mild CE showed no significant effect on in vitro fertilization outcomes (ongoing pregnancy/ live birth rate, clinical pregnancy rate, and miscarriage rate: p = ns). Conclusion. The conducted meta-analysis showed that CE significantly reduces the ongoing pregnancy/live birth and clinical pregnancy rates in infertile women undergoing in vitro fertilization. Noteworthy is that antimicrobial therapy in such patients improves the results of assisted reproductive technologies, which are comparable to those of patients without CE. The negative impact of this pathology on the implantation capacity of the endometrium is most often observed in the severe form, while its mild form has virtually no effect on the in vitro fertilization outcome