Konflik dalam Organisasi

Consciously or not, conflict can occur anywhere in any situation, an indication that when the communication and information system does not meet its targets, misunderstandings arise between two or more parties. Conflict is a battle to win or lose both between individuals and between groups. Conflict can also have the consequences of triggering war between countries. However, apart from the problem size of the conflict itself, conflict can be resolved in many ways. For example, by using power, confrontation, compromise, peace, and lowering position

Spatial Variability Analysis and Reclamation of Saline-Sodic Soils in the Northern Great Plains

Increased spring rainfall and higher temperatures when combined with changing landuses and extensive tile drainage installation have contributed to the development of sodic and saline/sodic soils in the Northern Great Plains. The objectives of this dissertation were: 1) determine the impact of surface chemical treatments and cover crop on crop yields and soil remediation; 2) determine and describe soil spatial variability and develop a model to identify saline-sodic soils; and 3) evaluate cation impact on dispersion of bentonite clay and selected soils. The research was conducted between 2013 and 2016 at Redfield (Argiustolls, Natrudolls, Calciustolls), White Lake (Argiudolls, Natrudolls), and Pierpont (Hapludolls, Natrudolls), in eastern South Dakota. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was used. Treatments were cover cropping and surface amendments [gypsum, calcium chloride, elemental sulfur (S), and no amendments]. A mixture of barley (Horedeum vulgare) and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) was used as the cover crop. At 169 sampling points, yield, soil properties, and reflectance were measured. Spatial class was developed using nugget to sill ratio. The impacts of chemical amendments on reducing soil dispersion were determined. Surface chemical amendment and cover crop treatments did not show significant differences in crop yield and soil properties in most locations. Hence, the amendments did not work in the Northern Great Plain soils with a glacial parent material that has high salt, calcium carbonate, and gypsum levels. Other management strategies that can reduce soil pH and mimic the native prairie grasses (deep-rooted perennial grasses that can use water from deeper in the soil profile) could be useful for future study. The exponential semivariogram model was found to be the optimal model for NDVI and yield with the spatial dependence (nugget/sill ratio) of 14.4 and 0%, respectively. Similarly, the exponential model was the optimum fit for mollic depth, lime depth, pH, EC, and SAR with nugget to sill ratio of 0, 0, 45, 17 and 49 respectively. Local Moran’s I and semivariogram modelling of soil attributes and NDVI data could help locate saline hot spots and quantify spatial heterogeneity respectively in saline-sodic soils. Higher turbidity was recorded in Na salt treated soil and bentonite clay than Ca and Mg salts. Turbidity was useful in measuring clay dispersion and could be used as an indicator of clay dispersion in salt-affected soils

Economic Contributions of Jima Ganati Farmers’ Cooperative Union to Farmers: The Case of Maize Producer Farmers

This article investigates the impact evaluation of Jima Ganati farmers’ cooperative union intervention in economic activities which is measured in terms of income and productivity as the best means to improve the  living standard of farmers’ household.. For this, cross-sectional data were collected from 280 households purposively selected from five kebeles consisting of 204 member farmers and 76 non-member farmers. The analytical procedure has involved two stages: in the first stage, descriptive analyses were used to detect existence of difference in various outcome indicators between member farmers and non-member farmers. In the second stage, I applied a semi-parametric impact evaluation method of propensity score matching with some matching algorithms to estimate the impact of the intervention on various impact indicators.  Combined use of these alternative estimation techniques has enabled us to arrive at consistent results. Our results show that member farmers scored statistically significant higher maize crop income test score than non-member farmers and they are also identified with statistically significant higher total productivity. Although the crop income and productivity test scores show significant changes, some constraints were identified  in the economic contributions of the cooperative union to farmers  and these  include: high turnover of the union mangers, lack of skill in cooperative development, rent seeking behavior of the cooperative leaders, lack of  transparency, Accordingly, a number of recommendations are suggested. Keywords: Propensity score matching; economic contribution; maize income; productivity; impact; cooperative union. DOI: 10.7176/JPID/49-01 Publication date: April 30th 201

The Effects of Government Quality and Economic Indicators on Self-employment in East Africa: Panel Data Analysis

Self-employment plays a major role in the economic growth of Africa in general and East African countries in particular. It is a major source of new jobs and a way of employing the entrepreneurial abilities of the population. Moreover, self-employment allows people to do what they want and to follow their passion. However, populations in East Africa face various barriers that hinder their ability to start their own business and/or to become self-employed. Thus, the aim of this study is to examine the effects of government quality and economic indicators on self-employment. Data was taken for this study from World Bank’s World Development Indicators, Worldwide Governance Indicators, African development Bank and United Nations Development Program for eight East African countries for 2010-2018. The countries were selected based on the availability of panel data. The fixed effects result indicated that political Stability, control of corruption indices and Voice and accountability, natural logarithm of electricity access, mobile phone subscriptions, people living below income poverty line and primary education enrolment are favorably affecting self-employment in East Africa. The result also shows that the natural logarithm of employment in industry and real GDP growth have negative coefficients. . These findings suggest that in addition to economic and social indicators government quality have greater effect on self-employment in East Africa. Keywords: Self-employment; fixed effects; Hausman test; Government quality indicators; Panel data; East Africa. DOI: 10.7176/JESD/11-9-05 Publication date:May 31st 202

Complementary Feeding Knowledge of Mother and Nutritional Status of Infant/Young Children (6-23 Months) in Ethiopia

Improving infant and young child feeding practices in children aged 6–23 months is critical to improved nutrition, health, and development. This paper examined the complementary feeding knowledge, attitude and practice of mothers and nutritional status of infants/young children in Jima Ganati District employing the cross sectional survey data conducted among 353 mothers of children aged 6-23 months. The result from the logit regression Education levels of mothers, age of mothers and mother occupation had a significant effect on mothers’ complementary feeding knowledge, attitude and nutritional status of infants/young children. In this study 54.6%, 60.4% and 34.6% of mothers had good knowledge, attitude and practice on complementary feeding respectively. Keywords: complementary feeding; knowledge; attitude; logit model; nutritional status. DOI: 10.7176/JCSD/49-02 Publication date:June 30th 201

Inflation dynamics and food prices in an agricultural economy : the case of Ethiopia

Ethiopia has experienced a historically unprecedented increase in inflation, mainly driven by cereal price inflation, which is among the highest in Sub-Saharan Africa. Using monthly data from the past decade, the authors estimate error correction models to identify the relative importance of several factors contributing to overall inflation and its three major components, cereal prices, food prices, and non-food prices. The main finding is that, in a longer perspective, over three to four years, the main factors that determine domestic food and non-food prices are the exchange rate and international food and goods prices. In the short run, agricultural supply shocks and inflation inertia strongly affect domestic inflation, causing large deviations from long-run price trends. Money supply growth does affect food price inflation in the short run, although the money stock itself does not seem to drive inflation. The results suggest the need for a multi-pronged approach to fight inflation. Forecast scenarios suggest monetary and exchange rate policies need to take into account cereal production, which is among the key determinants of inflation, assuming a decline in global commodity prices. Implementation of successful policies will be contingent on the availability of foreign exchange and the performance of agriculture.Markets and Market Access,Currencies and Exchange Rates,Economic Theory&Research,Food&Beverage Industry,Emerging Markets

Inflation Dynamics and Food Prices in an Agricultural Economy: The Case of Ethiopia

Ethiopia has experienced a historically unprecedented increase in inflation, mainly driven by cereal price inflation, which is among the highest in Sub-Saharan Africa. Using monthly data over the past decade, we estimate error correction models to identify the relative importance of several factors contributing to overall inflation and its three major components, cereal prices, food prices and non-food prices. Our main finding is that, in the long run, domestic food and non-food prices are determined by the exchange rate and international food and goods prices. In the short to medium run, agricultural supply shocks and inflation inertia strongly affect domestic inflation, causing large deviations from long-run price trends. Money supply growth affects food price inflation in the short run, though excess money supply does not seem to drive inflation in the long run. Our results suggest a challenging time ahead for Ethiopia, with the need for a multipronged approach to fight inflation. Forecast scenarios suggest monetary and exchange rate policies need to take into account the cereal sector, as food staple growth is among the key determinants of inflation, assuming a decline in global commodity prices. Implementation of successful policies will be contingent on the availability of foreign exchange and the performance of agriculture.Agriculture; Cointegration analysis; Ethiopia; Exchange rate; Money demand; Food prices; Forecast; Inertia; Inflation

Determinants of Mobile Banking Adoption at Commercial Bank of Ethiopia in Case of Bako District

The article investigates the factors affecting customers’ adoption decision of mobile banking in Bako Tibe, Ethiopia.  The continuous  expansion  of  technological  innovations  especially  in the banking sector  have stirred  competition  which  has changed  the  way  businesses  operate resulting in the introduction of mobile banking. This is illustrated that Ethiopia is recently expanding the use of internet banking such as mobile banking. To analysis of the determinants of mobile banking adoption in Bako Tibe, open and semi-structured questionnaires were used. The results of binary logit model indicates that quality of internet, lack of awareness, relative advantage, awareness, trial ability, experience, gender, education, income and age are the  factors that are significantly  influencing customers’ adoption  decisions of mobile banking at  Commercial Bank of Ethiopia. The conclusion is that commercial bank of Ethiopia invests massively in mobile banking and other information technology innovations in order to further promote efficient service   delivery and increase adoption of mobile banking services. Key words: Mobile banking; adoption; logistic regressions; experience; awareness; experience. DOI: 10.7176/CEIS/10-1-0

The Associations of Ethnicity, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Socioeconomic Status With Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality among American women, and event rates are particularly high among African Americans. Recent technologies have facilitated early detection of subclinical vascular changes that precede clinical events. This research project examined the interrelationships of ethnicity, CVD risk factors, socioeconomic status (SES), and psychosocial health with these subclinical CVD changes among women. We examined data from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) Heart Study (n's=303-536), a prospective epidemiological study of middle-aged African Americans and Caucasians. Coronary artery calcification (CAC), aortic calcification (AC), carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT), and aortic pulse-wave velocity (PWV) were assessed at two visits, an average of 2.3 years apart. We examined ethnic differences in the associations of traditional CVD risk factors on PWV progression, or arterial stiffening. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and waist circumference were associated with accelerated PWV progression. The effect of SBP was stronger among African Americans than among Caucasians, and LDL-C, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and glucose levels were associated with PWV progression only among African Americans. African American women have poorer CVD outcomes but do not consistently have higher subclinical CVD in the literature. We speculated that SES partly explains relationships between ethnicity and subclinical CVD. Our findings indicated that low education was related to AC, after adjustment for ethnicity. African American ethnicity was associated with IMT and PWV after adjustment for education, but not income. A significant interaction between ethnicity and income suggested that low-income African American women were at greatest risk of presenting with high PWV.Finally, we observed that low educational attainment was associated with greater CAC progression among Caucasians but not African Americans. Financial strain partly mediated this relationship.Our findings suggest that certain CVD risk factors are more strongly related to progression among African Americans than among Caucasians. Furthermore, SES may explain some ethnic differences in the extent of subclinical CVD. Lastly, psychosocial indicators explain higher CAC progression among low-SES Caucasian women. This project has public health significance. Clarifying how biological and psychosocial factors contribute to subclinical CVD may reveal targets for prevention of clinical disease