Analysis of the Hollowing Design on Knitwear

Abstrac

A Hybrid Backtracking Search Optimization Algorithm with Differential Evolution

The backtracking search optimization algorithm (BSA) is a new nature-inspired method which possesses a memory to take advantage of experiences gained from previous generation to guide the population to the global optimum. BSA is capable of solving multimodal problems, but it slowly converges and poorly exploits solution. The differential evolution (DE) algorithm is a robust evolutionary algorithm and has a fast convergence speed in the case of exploitive mutation strategies that utilize the information of the best solution found so far. In this paper, we propose a hybrid backtracking search optimization algorithm with differential evolution, called HBD. In HBD, DE with exploitive strategy is used to accelerate the convergence by optimizing one worse individual according to its probability at each iteration process. A suit of 28 benchmark functions are employed to verify the performance of HBD, and the results show the improvement in effectiveness and efficiency of hybridization of BSA and DE

TGF-β1 Down-Regulation of NKG2D/DAP10 and 2B4/SAP Expression on Human NK Cells Contributes to HBV Persistence

The mechanism underlying persistent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains unclear. We investigated the role of innate immune responses to persistent HBV infection in 154 HBV-infected patients and 95 healthy controls. The expression of NKG2D- and 2B4-activating receptors on NK cells was significantly decreased, and moreover, the expression of DAP10 and SAP, the intracellular adaptor proteins of NKG2D and 2B4 (respectively), were lower, which then impaired NK cell-mediated cytotoxic capacity and interferon-γ production. Higher concentrations of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) were found in sera from persistently infected HBV patients. TGF-β1 down-regulated the expression of NKG2D and 2B4 on NK cells in our in vitro study, leading to an impairment of their effector functions. Anti-TGF-β1 antibodies could restore the expression of NKG2D and 2B4 on NK cells in vitro. Furthermore, TGF-β1 induced cell-cycle arrest in NK cells by up-regulating the expression of p15 and p21 in NK cells from immunotolerant (IT) patients. We conclude that TGF-β1 may reduce the expression of NKG2D/DAP10 and 2B4/SAP, and those IT patients who are deficient in these double-activating signals have impaired NK cell function, which is correlated with persistent HBV infection

Advances in Immunotherapy for Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a hepatotropic virus with the potential to cause chronic infection, and it is one of the common causes of liver disease worldwide. Chronic HBV infection leads to liver cirrhosis and, ultimately, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The persistence of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) and the impaired immune response in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) has been studied over the past few decades. Despite advances in the etiology of HBV and the development of potent virus-suppressing regimens, a cure for HBV has not been found. Both the innate and adaptive branches of immunity contribute to viral eradication. However, immune exhaustion and evasion have been demonstrated during CHB infection, although our understanding of the mechanism is still evolving. Recently, the successful use of an antiviral drug for hepatitis C has greatly encouraged the search for a cure for hepatitis B, which likely requires an approach focused on improving the antiviral immune response. In this review, we discuss our current knowledge of the immunopathogenic mechanisms and immunobiology of HBV infection. In addition, we touch upon why the existing therapeutic approaches may not achieve the goal of a functional cure. We also propose how combinations of new drugs, and especially novel immunotherapies, contribute to HBV clearance

Revision of two species of Sinopotamon Bott, 1967 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Potamidae) endemic to China: a new combination and a new synonym

The systematics of two problematic potamid species, Sinopotamon koatenense (Rathbun, 1904) and Sinopotamon wuyiensis Li, Lin, Cheng & Tang, 1985, both originally described from the Wuyi Mountains are resolved in this study. Sinopotamon koatenense is transferred to the genus Huananpotamon Dai & Ng, 1994, as the new combination Huananpotamon koatenense comb. nov. The new combination differs from its congeners in the form of the carapace, male pleon, male first gonopod, and vulvae. Phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences support the identification of Huananpotamon koatenense comb. nov. and a redescription is also provided. In addition, S. wuyiensis is confirmed as a junior synonym of Sinopotamon fukienense Dai & Chen, 1979 based on morphological similarities and phylogenetic lineages

Dracorhodin perchlorate regulates fibroblast proliferation to promote rat's wound healing

In recent years, plant-derived extracts are increasing interest from researchers worldwide due to good efficacy and lower side effects. Among the different plant extracts, Dracorhodin perchlorate (DP) is originated from Dragon's blood which has long been used as a natural medicine with various pharmacological activities. In the present study, we have explored the potential regulation of DP on fibroblast proliferation which promotes wound healing both in vitro and in vivo. DP at treatment of 12–24 h significantly induced fibroblast proliferation which is associated with increasing level of phosphorylated-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Moreover, if ERK is halted with siRNA, DP cannot induce fibroblast proliferation. In vivo, DP ointment treatment at low- (2.5 μg/mL), medium- (5 μg/mL) and high-(10 μg/mL) doses, rat wounds healed more rapidly compared with the control group. After DP treatment for 7 days, Serpin family H member 1 (SERPINH1) staining confirmed enhanced fibroblast proliferation in the wound tissue. Finally, phosphorylated-ERK in the wound tissue remarkably increased with DP ointment treatment. Therefore, DP may be developed into a potential lead compounds for the treatment of wounds in clinical trials in the near future. Keywords: Dracorhodin perchlorate, Fibroblasts, ERK, Rat model, Wound healin

Roles of the Siglec family in bone and bone homeostasis

Tremendous progress has been seen in the study of the role of sialic acid binding im-munoglobulin type lectins (Siglecs) in osteoimmunology in the past two decades. Interest in Siglecs as immune checkpoints has grown from the recognition that Siglecs have relevance to human disease. Siglecs play important roles in inflammation and cancer, and play key roles in immune cell signaling. By recognizing common sialic acid containing glycans on glycoproteins and glycolipids as regulatory receptors for immune cell signals, Siglecs are expressed on most immune cells and play important roles in normal homeostasis and self-tolerance. In this review, we describe the role that the siglec family plays in bone and bone homeostasis, including the regulation of osteoclast differentiation as well as recent advances in inflammation, cancer and osteoporosis. Particular emphasis is placed on the relevant functions of Siglecs in self-tolerance and as pattern recognition receptors in immune responses, thereby potentially providing emerging strategies for the treatment of bone related diseases

The complete mitochondrial genome of Callionymus olidus (Perciformes Callionymidae)

In this study, we present the complete mitogenome and a phylogenetic analysis of Callionymus olidus, determined by long PCR and primer walking methods. The complete mitochondrial genome is a circular molecule of 16,491 bp in length and contains the same set of 37 mitochondrial genes (13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA), 22 transfer RNA (tRNA)), and a control region as other bony fishes. The base composition of the entire mitogenome showed a slight excess of AT bias. The entire mitogenome data produced in this study provides the genomic resources available for future evolutionary studies