Growth and quality of Garcinia humilis seedlings as a function of substrate and shading level

The successful establishment of a Garcinia humilis orchard depends on planting high-quality seedlings. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the shading level (0 %, 18 % and 50 %) and substrate composition on the formation of G. humilis seedlings. Four substrates (S) were evaluated combining different proportions (v:v) of soil (SO), cattle manure (CM), commercial substrate (CS), sand (SA) and fine grain vermiculite (FV): S1 = 0 % SO + 45 % CM + 20 % CS + 20 % SA + 15 % FV; S2 = 15 % SO + 30 % CM + 20 % CS + 20 % SA + 15 % FV; S3 = 30 % SO + 15 % CM + 20 % CS + 20 % SA + 15 % FV; S4 = 45 % SO + 0 % CM + 20 % CS + 20 % SA + 15 % FV. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in each environment, being the environments compared by a joint analysis. The G. humilis seedlings with the highest quality were obtained in the environment with a 50 % shading screen. G. humilis seedlings do not grow when exposed to full sunlight and, therefore, the seedling production of this species with direct solar radiation, without some shading level, should not be recommended. Different combinations from the mixture of soil, cattle manure, commercial substrate, sand and fine grain vermiculite may be used in the formulation of substrates for G. humilis seedlings

Reflector materials on benches act as supplementary sources of light in rucola cultivation

The purpose of this work is to present an alternative to the use of lamp and light diodes to increase production systems that lead to better natural energy use and better plant development. The species Euruca sativa L. was used, cultivated under a protected environment, and four treatments were taken (control; glossy white laminate; bright red laminate; aluminized thermoreflective screen). Our findings showed to reduce the efficiency of laminated reflective materials in increasing rucola production. The application of the red laminate with greater efficiency, positive results with the increase of fresh matter and number of leaves, increasing the energy efficiency of the plant. Furthermore, the better use of natural light can reduce production costs, since the application of artificial light generates an increase in fixed production costs.The purpose of this work is to present an alternative to the use of lamp and light diodes to increase production systems that lead to better natural energy use and better plant development. The species Euruca sativa L. was used, cultivated under a protected environment, and four treatments were taken (control; glossy white laminate; bright red laminate; aluminized thermoreflective screen). Our findings showed to reduce the efficiency of laminated reflective materials in increasing rucola production. The application of the red laminate with greater efficiency, positive results with the increase of fresh matter and number of leaves, increasing the energy efficiency of the plant. Furthermore, the better use of natural light can reduce production costs, since the application of artificial light generates an increase in fixed production costs

REFLECTIVE MATERIALS AND SEEDS FROM DIFFERENT PLANT POSITIONS FOR PRODUCTION OF ACHACHAIRU SEEDLINGS

The plant environment in the production of Achachairu (Garcinia humilis) seedlings aims to obtain quality plants for orchards' formation. The present study aimed to evaluate reflective materials on benches and fruit seeds harvested from different plant positions to produce Achachairu seedlings. The reflective materials used under the cultivation benches were aluminum foil, "fake sequin" fabric, mirror, and tetra pak®. The fruit collection positions in the plants were at the top, median and bottom. The largest seedlings were obtained on the bench with reflective material of Tetra Pak®; however, in this material, there was a greater relationship between the height and diameter of the seedlings' neck, which is not desired for quality seedlings. The largest number of sheets was observed on the benches with reflective material of Tetra Pak® and "false sequin" fabric. The lowest dry masses of the root system and the lowest Dickson quality indexes were obtained from seedlings grown on the bench with reflective mirror material, forming lesser quality seedlings. The fruit collection place in the matrix plant did not influence the seedlings' quality. The use of reflective material on the bench is not recommended for the cultivation of Achachairu seedlings

Fontes e doses de nitrogênio em cobertura no feijoeiro de inverno irrigado no sistema plantio direto

The common bean is a leguminous of great importance in the Brazilian economy and nitrogen is the taken up nutrient in larger amount. Nitrogen fertilization management is of extreme importance to offer larger economical viability, besides increasing the efficiency of plant in the use of the available resources. The objective this study was to evaluate the effect of sources and doses of sidedressing nitrogen in the development and yield of winter common bean in no tillage system, as well as evaluate its economical viability. A randomized blocks design was used, in a factorial scheme 3x3 with 9 treatments constituted by three sources of nitrogen (ammonium sulphate, urea and ammonium sulphate 1/2 of N + urea 1/2 of N, applied at V(4-3) stadium) and different doses of sidedressing nitrogen (0, 40, 80 kg ha(-1)) in four replications. The study was conducted in Selviria county, MS State in 2004 in no season crop period, in a dystrophic Haplustox soil. The conclusion: independent of nitrogen source, nitrogen fertilization increasing provides increment in yield of winter common bean up to dose 80 kg/ha, and this provides, on average, an increase of 20% in yield compared with control (without sidedressing nitrogen). The urea is the nitrogen source of larger economical efficiency.O feijoeiro é uma leguminosa de grande importância na economia brasileira, e o nitrogênio é o nutriente absorvido em maior quantidade. O manejo da adubação nitrogenada é de extrema importância no sentido de oferecer maior viabilidade econômica, além de aumentar a eficiência da planta na utilização dos recursos disponíveis. O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar o efeito de fontes e doses de nitrogênio em cobertura no desenvolvimento e produtividade do feijoeiro de inverno no sistema plantio direto, correlacionado com uma análise econômica simples. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 3x3, constituídos pela combinação de três fontes de nitrogênio (sulfato de amônio, uréia e mistura - sulfato de amônio ½ do N + uréia ½ do N) e diferentes doses de nitrogênio em cobertura (zero, 40 e 80 kg ha-1, aplicado na fase V4-3), com quatro repetições. O projeto foi conduzido no município de Selvíria (MS), no período de outono-inverno de 2004. O solo do local é um LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Distrófico argiloso. Conclui-se que independente da fonte de N, o aumento da adubação nitrogenada proporciona incremento na produtividade do feijoeiro de inverno até a dose de 80 kg ha-1, sendo que esta proporciona em média, aumento de 25 % na produtividade comparado com a testemunha (sem N em cobertura). A uréia é a fonte de nitrogênio de maior eficiência econômica

Desempenho fisiológico e superação de dormência em sementes de Brachiaria brizantha submetidas a tratamento químico e envelhecimento artificial

The use of seeds of B. brizantha has increased, however, the physiological quality of seeds available to the producer is still a limiting factor for a good performance culture. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects caused by chemical scarification, different periods of aging and priming on physiological quality and overcoming seed dormancy B. brizantha cv. MG-5 Victory. The seeds were subjected to chemical scarification-H2SO4 ( presence and absence), artificial aging periods ( zero, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 and 168 hours) at 41 degrees C and priming using the 0,2 KNO3 % ( presence and absence) for two hours at 25 degrees C, creating a completely randomized design in factorial 2x8x2, with four repetitions. The seeds were evaluated by testing germination and vigor. Chemical scarification is an effective method for breaking dormancy, but decreases the physiological seed. Overcoming seed dormancy B. brizantha occurs with the use of artificial aging for non-scarified and scarified seeds. Priming generally has no effect on the physiological quality and overcoming seed dormancy B. brizantha, however, it provides less loss of cellular constituents

Efeito do período de envelhecimento acelerado no teste de condutividade elétrica e na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de feijão

The high quality of seed trading for producers is very important to obtain high productivity. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of different periods of artificial seed aging on contents of sugars, proteins, amino acids and ions, on imbibition solution of electrical conductivity test, as well as its relationships with standard germination and vigor in bean seeds at the Perola cultivar. The research was carried out at the Laboratory of Seed Analysis - Faculdade de Engenharia - Unesp - Campus de Ilha Solteira. The experimental design was in completely randomized blocks. The seeds were submitted to eight accelerated aging conditions (zero, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 and 168 hours). The seed germination, seed vigor and leakage contents in exudates of bulk conductivity were Influenced by the increase in the time of seed exposition to accelerated aging. After seventy-two hours of exposition to the aging, a considerable decline in seed germination and vigor was observed. There was also an increase of leakage contents, such as amino acids, sugars, potassium and phosphorus ions. The increase of leakage contents is inversely related to seeds germination and vigor