Research on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Bainite/Martensite Rail Treated by the Controlled-Cooling Process

A bainite/martensite multiphase rail is treated by the controlled-cooling process with different finish-cooling temperatures. The simulated temperature–time curves of the position of 5 mm and 15 mm below the rail tread (P5 and P15) express different trends. P5 has greater impact toughness and lower tensile strength than P15. Microstructural characterization was carried out by conducting scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, electron backscatter diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The greater tensile strength is due to the dispersed ε-carbides hindering the movement of dislocations. The greater impact toughness is attributed to the filmy retained austenite and the smaller effective grain with high-angle boundary. Finite element modeling (FEM) and microstructural characterization reasonably explain the changes of mechanical properties. The present work provides experimental and theoretical guidance for the development of rail with excellent mechanical properties

Mechanism of subsurface microstructural fatigue crack initiation during high and very-high cycle fatigue of advanced bainitic steels

Advanced bainitic steels with the multiphase structure of bainitic ferrite, retained austenite and marten-site exhibit distinctive fatigue crack initiation behavior during high cycle fatigue/very high cycle fatigue (HCF/VHCF) regimes. The subsurface microstructural fatigue crack initiation, referred to as "non-inclusion induced crack initiation, NIICI", is a leading mode of failure of bainitic steels within the HCF/VHCF regimes. In this regard, there is currently a missing gap in the knowledge with respect to the cyclic response of multiphase structure during VHCF failure and the underlying mechanisms of fatigue crack initiation during VHCF. To address this aspect, we have developed a novel approach that explicitly identi-fies the knowledge gap through an examination of subsurface crack initiation and interaction with the lo -cal microstructure. This was accomplished by uniquely combining electron microscopy, three-dimensional confocal microscopy, focused ion beam, and transmission Kikuchi diffraction. Interestingly, the study indi-cated that there are multiple micro-mechanisms responsible for the NIICI failure of bainitic steels, includ-ing two scenarios of transgranular-crack-assisted NIICI and two scenarios of intergranular-crack-assisted NIICI, which resulted in the different distribution of fine grains in the crack initiation area. The fine grains were formed through fragmentation of bainitic ferrite lath caused by localized plastic deformation or via local continuous dynamic recrystallization because of repeated interaction between slip bands and prior austenite grain boundaries. The formation of fine grains assisted the advancement of small cracks. An-other important aspect discussed is the role of retained austenite (RA) during cyclic loading, on crack ini-tiation and propagation in terms of the morphology, distribution and stability of RA, which determined the development of localized cyclic plastic deformation in multiphase structure. (c) 2022 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The editorial office of Journal of Materials Science & Technology