The optimal viewing position effect in beginning and dyslexic readers

International audienceThe present study compared the reading ability of first-grade and dyslexic children using an experimental paradigm known to elicit the optimal viewing position (OVP) effect in skilled readers. Word frequency and initial fixation location were manipulated in a word identification task. The results showed an OVP effect for both groups. However, word-recognition performance was lower for the dyslexic than for the first-grade group. In addition, whereas beginning readers obtained the typical inverted J-shape curve, dyslexics had a symmetric curve. These results were corroborated by a letter-report analysis showing that dyslexics failed to report word endings, even when fixating at that location. Robust effects of word frequency were also obtained for both groups. But unlike adult readers, this factor did not interact with fixation position

Reliability and prevalence of an atypical development of phonological skills in French-speaking dyslexics

International audienceIn the present study, conducted with French-speaking children, we examined the reliability (group study) and the prevalence (multiple-case study) of dyslexics' phonological deficits in reading and reading-related skills in comparison with Reading Level (RL) controls. All dyslexics with no comorbidity problem schooled in a special institution for children with severe reading deficits were included in the study (N = 15; Chronological Age [CA]: 111 ± 8 months; RL: 80 ± 3 months). For the group study, the 15 dyslexics were matched pairwise on reading level, non-verbal IQ, and gender to 15 younger RL controls (CA: 85 ± 4 months). For the multiple-case study, the RL control group included 86 average readers (CA: 83 ± 4 months; RL: 85 ± 5 months). To assess the relative efficiency of the sublexical (or phonological) and lexical reading procedures, we relied on two comparisons: pseudowords vs. high-frequency regular words (the comparison mainly used in languages with a shallow orthography); and pseudowords vs. high-frequency irregular words (the comparison mainly used with English-speaking dyslexics), pseudowords and irregular words being either short or long. The dyslexics' skills in the domains supposed to explain their reading deficit were also examined: phonemic awareness, phonological short-term memory and rapid naming. In the group study, the dyslexics lagged behind the RL controls only when they were required to read long pseudowords. The results of the multiple-case study indicated that the prevalence of this deficit was high (the accuracy scores of all but two of the 15 dyslexics being more than 1 SD below the RL control mean), and that deficits in phonemic awareness were more prevalent (seven cases) than deficits in phonological memory (one case) and in rapid naming (two cases). Three unexpected results were observed in the group study: the difference between regular words and pseudowords (to the detriment of pseudowords) was not greater for the dyslexics; the difference between irregular words and pseudowords (to the benefit of pseudowords) was more significant for the RL controls; and there were no significant differences between the groups in reading-related skills. To explain these results, the severity of the dyslexics' reading deficit and the remediation they have benefited from must be taken into account. In addition, the fact that the outcomes of the comparison between pseudoword vs. regular or irregular word reading were not the same will make it possible to understand some discrepancies between studies carried out either in English or in a language with a shallower orthography (French, for instance

Évaluer un projet scolaire d’éducation à l’environnement : l’opération « Gérer l’eau, ici et ailleurs »

Dans les multiples projets menés dans les établissements scolaires, l’évaluation est généralement un point faible, comme si mener à terme un projet était déjà un succès suffisant. C’est le cas sans doute, mais conduire une évaluation permettrait d’apprécier la valeur du projet, de se rendre compte de ses pratiques, de déterminer l’efficacité des stratégies d’apprentissage mises en œuvre et à terme, pour les enseignants, d’améliorer leur capacité à gérer leurs projets. Cet écrit prend appui su..

The Optimal Viewing Position Effect in Beginning and Dyslexic Readers

The present study compared the reading ability of first-grade and dyslexic children using an experimental paradigm known to elicit the optimal viewing position (OVP) effect in skilled readers. Word frequency and initial fixation location were manipulated in a word identification task. The results showed an OVP effect for both groups. However, word-recognition performance was lower for the dyslexic than for the first-grade group. In addition, whereas beginning readers obtained the typical inverted J-shape curve, dyslexics had a symmetric curve. These results were corroborated by a letter-report analysis showing that dyslexics failed to report word endings, even when fixating at that location. Robust effects of word frequency were also obtained for both groups. But unlike adult readers, this factor did not interact with fixation position

Unravelling socio-motor biomarkers in schizophrenia

We present novel, low-cost and non-invasive potential diagnostic biomarkers of schizophrenia. They are based on the ‘mirror-game’, a coordination task in which two partners are asked to mimic each other’s hand movements. In particular, we use the patient’s solo movement, recorded in the absence of a partner, and motion recorded during interaction with an artificial agent, a computer avatar or a humanoid robot. In order to discriminate between the patients and controls, we employ statistical learning techniques, which we apply to nonverbal synchrony and neuromotor features derived from the participants’ movement data. The proposed classifier has 93% accuracy and 100% specificity. Our results provide evidence that statistical learning techniques, nonverbal movement coordination and neuromotor characteristics could form the foundation of decision support tools aiding clinicians in cases of diagnostic uncertainty

Effects of Facial Emotions on Social-motor Coordination in Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia patients are known to be impaired in their ability to process social information and to engage in social interactions. To understand better social cognition in schizophrenia, we investigate the links between these impairments. In this paper, we focus primarily on the influence of social feedback, such as facial emotions, on motor coordination during joint action. To investigate and quantify this influence, we exploited systematically-controlled social and nonsocial feedback provided by a humanoid robot. Humanoid robotics technology offers interactive designs and can precisely control the properties of the feedback provided during the interaction. In this work, a joint-action task with a robot is performed to investigate how social cognition is affected by cognitive capabilities and symptomatology. Results show that positive social feedback has a facilitatory effect on social-motor coordination in the control participants compared to nonsocial positive feedback. This facilitation effect is not present in schizophrenia patients, whose social-motor coordination is similar in social and nonsocial feedback conditions. This result is strongly correlated with performances in the Trail Making Test (TMT), which highlights the link between cognitive deficits and social-motor coordination in schizophrenia

Dépenses publiques, localisation des capitaux et concurrence fiscale : une modélisation en économie géographique

This work envisages effects of fiscal competition in terms both tax rate and public spending on the spatial distribution of economic activities.We explain existence of tax differential between European countries by agglomeration effects which are absent of the traditional literature on the fiscal competition.The concentration of economic activities is studied with the construction of an economic geography model integrating the effects of public spending on the competition between States. The public spending are considered in level and in their composition. We apprehend fiscal competition between governments which use public expenditure to strengthen the attractiveness of their locality. The model determines, in an analytical way, the optimal share of the public expenditure having to be devoted to the firms to maximize the agglomeration rent. Finally simulations are led to replace the results obtained in an European point of view.The model shows a greater sensitivity of mobile capital to variations of agglomeration rent, and thus to the public expenditure, than those related to movements of tax rate. ¶By allocating its tax revenues to public investments and infrastructures, the governments support agglomeration of economic activities and can, consequently, preserve differentiated tax rates.The conclusion establishes that it is possible to maintain industrial activities in a region which presents at the same time a high level of taxation and a public spending policy adapted to mobile factors. This situation exists as long as the tax differential is compensated with a positive agglomeration rent. To maximize this rent, the governments look for the optimal distribution between public spending to all the residents and public spending more specifically intended for the mobile factors.L'ambition de la thèse est d'envisager les effets de la concurrence fiscale à la fois en termes de taux de taxe et en termes de dépenses publiques sur la répartition spatiale des activités économiques. La thèse explique l'existence d'un différentiel de taxe entre les pays européens par la prise en compte des phénomènes d'agglomération, absents de la littérature traditionnelle. Le modèle économique géographique permet d'étudier els effets des dépenses publiques sur la concurrence entre États à la fois en niveau et dans leur composition. Il envisage la concurrence fiscale entre les gouvernements dont la particularité est d'utiliser les dépenses publiques pour renforcer l'attractivité de leurs territoires. Le modèle permet de déterminer de façon analytique la part optimale des dépenses publiques devant être consacrées aux firmes pour maximiser la rente d'agglomération. Enfin des simulations numériques sont menées afin de remplacer les résultats obtenus dans une problématique européenne. La modélisation montre une plus grande sensibilité des capitaux mobiles aux variations de la rente d'agglomération et donc aux dépenses publiques qu'à celles liées aux mouvements de taux de taxe. En allouant ses recettes fiscales au financement d'investissements publics et notamment d'infrastructures, les gouvernements favorisent l'agglomération des activités économiques et peuvent, par conséquent, conserver des taux de taxe différenciés. La conclusion établit alors qu'il est possible de maintenir les activités industrielles dans une région qui présente à la fois un niveau d'imposition élevé et une politique de dépenses publiques adaptées aux facteurs mobiles de production

Fonctions cognitives et épilepsies partielles symptomatiques de l'enfant : à propos de 30 cas

REIMS-BU Santé (514542104) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Démarche de validation d’un outil transversal d’évaluation de première intention des apprentissages et fonctions cognitives : la Batterie modulable de tests informatisée (BMT-i)

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