5 research outputs found
ISOLATION OF CANDIDA SPECIES IN DOMESTIC CHICKEN (Gallus gallus) DROPPINGS IN KABIGERIET VILLAGE, NAKURU COUNTY KENYA
Over the last three decades, reports on yeast infections in humans have increased especially with respect to immunocompromised individuals. This is associated with increased morbidity and mortality especially in HIV/AIDS immunocompromised individuals. The purpose of this study was to isolate and characterize yeasts from domestic Chicken droppings. The droppings were collected from Kabigeriet Villages, Olenguruone Division, Nakuru County. Eighty four samples were collected by scooping and swabbing Chicken droppings and transported to the Mycology laboratory, Kenya medical research institute using a cool box for processing. Samples were inoculated onto Typan blue agar and further sub cultured on CHROM agar and Corn meal agar for presumptive identification of various Candida species. Analytical profile index test was used for confirmation. 35 (41.67%) Candida species (9 Candida lusitanie, 7 Candida glabrata, 5 Candida albicans, 5 Candida tropicalis, 3 Candida parapsilosis, 2 Candida lipolytica and 2 Candida krusei) were isolated. The results of this work demonstrated that domestic chicken harbor potentially pathogenic yeasts in their dropping
Characterization and antifungal drug susceptibility of clinical isolates of Candida species
Candida species are responsible for a wide spectrum of infections in man. They can be isolated from most sites of a human body. These mycoses are most common in immunocompromised patients as opportunistic infections. Azoles have been used in treatment, prophylaxis and currently as maintenance therapy for candidiasis in these patients. The aim of the study was to characterize Candida species from clinical sources and determine their susceptibilities to azoles in Kenya. The study was conducted in 2009 in a mycology laboratory at Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI). A total of 50 isolates of Candida were characterized and correctly identified to species level by germ tube test, Pal’s agar, Chromogenic agar Candida, corn meal agar and Analytical Profile Index (API 20C AUX). 45 isolates were identified as Candida albicans, 1 as Candida glabrata, 1 as Candida famata and 3 as Candida parapsilosis. Susceptibilities of Candida = species to fluconazole, posaconazole, itraconazole and clotrimazole were determined using Epsilometer-test and disc diffusion method. Their Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC’s) were correlated. In Epsilometer test, 78% of Candida species were susceptible to clotrimazole and posaconazole, 60% to fluconazole and 50% to itraconazole. In disc diffusion method, 92% Candida species were susceptible to clotrimazole, 74% to itraconazole, 78% to posaconazole and 46% to fluconazole. There were no significant differences in susceptibility between E-test and disc diffusion methods for clotrimazole, itraconazole and posaconazole which had low significance levels (p<0.002). Fluconazole had the greatest difference between the two methods (p=0.002) and a kappa value of 0.329. There is emerging fungal resistance to fluconazole and itraconazole therefore further investigations on fungal resistance and rational use of antifungal drugs is necessary
Phenotypic characterization of Candida Albicans from clinical sources in Nairobi, Kenya
Objective: To isolate and carry out phenotypic characterization Candida species from clinical sources in Nairobi Kenya. Study design/setting: Laboratory Based Experiment at Mycology Laboratory, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya. We studied 130 Candida s species isolated between 2000 - 2005. The isolates were from blood, stool, urine, CSF and swabs of patients from different health Institutions in Nairobi.
Methods: Preliminary identification was done using morphological features and CHROMagar and confirmed using Analytical profile index (API 20 C aux).
Results: Candida albicans were 130/150 (86.7%) whereas 13.3% were non albicans Candida and included; C. parapsilosis 4%, C. tropicalis 2.7%, C. krusei 2.7%, C. guilliemondii 1.3% and C. famata, 1.3%. Germ tube positive C. albicans were 96.1% while only 3.8% were germ tube negative. All the 130 isolates identified as C. albicans formed chlamydospores on Corn meal agar and all grew at both 370C and 45 °C ruling out the possibility of Candida dubliniensis.
Conclusion: Non albicans candida are of clinical significance and may warrant the need speciate Candida species from clinical setting and constantly monitor for fungal resistance as some Candida species are intrinsically resistant to certain antifungal drugs especially in the context of opportunistic infections in HIV/AIDS
ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIMICROBIAL AND SYNERGISTIC ACTIVITIES OF TEA POLYPHENOLS
Microbial resistance to antibiotics has become an increasing global
problem and there is a need to find out novel potent antimicrobial
agents with alternative modes of action as accessories to antibiotic
therapy. This study investigated the antioxidant, antimicrobial and
synergistic properties of tea polyphenols. The tea germplasm from
Kenya, China and Japan that are grown in Kenya were characterised for
their biochemical profiles. The total phenolic content, theaflavins and
thearubigins content of different tea products used in this study were
determined spectrophotometrically according to Folin-Ciocalteus and
flavognost methods, respectively. The individual catechin contents were
characterised by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and
identified according to their HPLC retention times, elution order and
comparison with authentic standards. The antioxidant activity of tea
polyphenols was determined spectrophotometrically on its ability to
scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. The agar disc
diffusion method was used to screen for antimicrobial and synergistic
activities of the tea liquors. Black, green, purple coloured leaf and
white (silvery tips) tea products differed significantly in the levels
of total polyphenols, total catechins, catechins fractions, theaflavins
and thearubigins (P<0.05). Green, purple coloured leaf (aerated) and
black tea from terminal buds and white tea products analysed in this
study exhibited slightly higher antioxidant activity than black tea.
The different types of tea products exhibited significant influence on
the inhibition zone diameters against bacteria and fungi exposed to the
tea extracts. Methicillin and penicillinase resistant S. aureus ATCC
25923, C. albicans ATCC 90028 and a clinical isolate of C.
neoformans were more susceptible to all tea extracts than E. coli
and S. typhi . There was synergism between most tea extracts and
penicillin G against methicillin and penicillinase resistant S. aureus
ATTC 25923.La r\ue9sistance microbienne aux antibiotiques est devenue un
probl\ue8me \ue9pineux au niveau global et il est n\ue9cessaire
d\u2019identifier d\u2019autres agents antimicrobiens efficaces avec
des modes alternatifs d\u2019action pour appuyer la th\ue9rapie
antibiotique. Cette \ue9tude \ue9tait men\ue9e sur les
antioxydants et les propri\ue9t\ue9s antimicrobiennes et
synerg\ue9tiques des polyph\ue9nols du th\ue9. Les germoplasmes
de th\ue9 en provenance du Kenya, de la Chine et du Japon
cultiv\ue9s au Kenya ont fait l\u2019objet d\u2019une
caract\ue9risation de leurs profiles biochimiques. La teneur
ph\ue9nolique totale ainsi que les th\ue9aflavines et les
th\ue9arubigines dans les diff\ue9rents produits de th\ue9
utilis\ue9s dans cette \ue9tude \ue9taient d\ue9termin\ue9e
par spectrophotom\ue9trie respectivement sur base des m\ue9thodes
dites de Folin-Ciocalteus et flavognost. Les teneurs individuelles en
cat\ue9chine \ue9taient caract\ue9ris\ue9es par chromatographie
liquide \ue0 haute performance (HPLC) et identifi\ue9es sur base de
leurs temps de r\ue9tention de HPLC, de l\u2019ordre
d\u2019\ue9lution en comparaison avec les standards normaux.
L\u2019activit\ue9 antioxydante des polyph\ue9nols de th\ue9
\ue9tait d\ue9termin\ue9e par spectrophotom\ue9trie sur base de
sa capacit\ue9 \ue0 capter le radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
(DPPH). La m\ue9thode de diffusion sur disque d\u2019agar \ue9tait
utilis\ue9e pour tester les activit\ue9s microbiennes et
synerg\ue9tiques des extraits du th\ue9. Les feuilles de th\ue9
de couleurs noir, verte, pourpre et les extraits du th\ue9 blanc
diff\ue9raient significativement du point de vue niveaux de
polyph\ue9nols totaux, des cat\ue9chines totales, des fractions de
cat\ue9chines, des th\ue9aflavines et des th\ue9arubigines
(P<0.05). Les feuilles de couleurs verte et pourpre ainsi que les
th\ue9s noirs issues des bourgeons terminaux et extraits du th\ue9
blanc analys\ue9s dans cette \ue9tude ont montr\ue9 une
activit\ue9 antioxydante l\ue9g\ue8rement sup\ue9rieure \ue0
celle du th\ue9 noir. Les diff\ue9rents types d\u2019extraits de
th\ue9 ont montr\ue9 une influence significative sur les
diam\ue8tres des zones de contamination une fois expos\ue9s \ue0
des bact\ue9ries ou des champignons. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC
25923, C. albicans ATCC 90028 et un isolant clinique de C.
neoformans r\ue9sistants \ue0 la m\ue9thicilline et \ue0 la
p\ue9nicillinase \ue9taient les plus susceptibles \ue0 tous les
extraits de th\ue9 en comparaison avec E. coli et S. typhi . Il y
avait un synergisme entre la plupart d\u2019extraits de th\ue9 et la
p\ue9nicilline G contre S. aureus ATTC 25923 r\ue9sistant \ue0 la
m\ue9thicilline et \ue0 la p\ue9nicillinase