Phylogenetic Relationships among the Colobine Monkeys Revisited: New Insights from Analyses of Complete mt Genomes and 44 Nuclear Non-Coding Markers

Background: Phylogenetic relationships among Asian and African colobine genera have been disputed and are not yet well established. In the present study, we revisit the contentious relationships within the Asian and African Colobinae by analyzing 44 nuclear non-coding genes (.23 kb) and mitochondrial (mt) genome sequences from 14 colobine and 4 noncolobine primates. Principal Findings: The combined nuclear gene and the mt genome as well as the combined nuclear and mt gene analyses yielded different phylogenetic relationships among colobine genera with the exception of a monophyletic ‘odd-nosed’ group consisting of Rhinopithecus, Pygathrix and Nasalis, and a monophyletic African group consisting of Colobus and Piliocolobus. The combined nuclear data analyses supported a sister-grouping between Semnopithecus and Trachypithecus, and between Presbytis and the odd-nosed monkey group, as well as a sister-taxon association of Pygathrix and Rhinopithecus within the odd-nosed monkey group. In contrast, mt genome data analyses revealed that Semnopithecus diverged earliest among the Asian colobines and that the odd-nosed monkey group is sister to a Presbytis and Trachypithecus clade, as well as a close association of Pygathrix with Nasalis. The relationships among these genera inferred from the analyses of combined nuclear and mt genes, however, varied with the tree-building methods used. Another remarkable finding of the present study is that all of our analyses rejected the recently proposed African colobine paraphyl

The Italian Consensus Conference on FAI Syndrome in Athletes (Cotignola Agreement)

Background. Femoro-acetabular impingement (FAI) is an important topic in literature because of its strong relationship with sport populations. Methods. Sixty-five experts participated in "this Consensus Conference (CC)". They discussed, voted and approved a consensus document on the FAI syndrome in athletes. Results. The CC experts approved document provided suggestions concerning: 1) Epidemiology of FAI; 2) Clinical evaluation; 3) Radiological evaluation; 4) Conserva-tive treatment; 5) Surgical criteria; 6) Surgical techniques; 7) Post-surgical rehabilita-tion; 8) Outcome evaluation; 9) FAI-associated clinical frameworks. Conclusions. The CC offers a multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis and treat-ment of FAI syndrome in athletes taking into account all the different steps needed to approach this pathology in sport populations

Classical Results and Modern Approaches to Nonconservative Stability

Stability of nonconservative systems is nontrivial already on the linear level, especially, if the system depends on multiple parameters. We present an overview of results and methods of stability theory that are specific for nonconservative applications. Special attention is given to the topics of flutter and divergence, reversible- and Hamiltonian-Hopf bifurcation, Krein signature, modes and waves of positive and negative energy, dissipation-induced instabilities, destabilization paradox, influence of structure of forces on stability and stability optimization

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) and the etiopathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma Herpesvírus humano tipo 8 (HHV-8) e a etiopatogênese do sarcoma de Kaposi

OBJECTIVE: To review the current literature on human herpesvirus 8 with particular attention to the aspects related to the etiopathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors searched original research and review articles on specific aspects of human herpesvirus 8 infection, including virology, epidemiology, transmission, diagnosis, natural history, therapy, and Kaposi's sarcoma etiopathogenesis. The relevant material was evaluated and reviewed. RESULTS: Human herpesvirus 8 is a recently discovered DNA virus that is present throughout the world but with major geographic variation. In the Western world, the virus, transmitted mainly by means of sexual contact, is strongly associated with Kaposi's sarcoma and body cavity-based lymphoma and more controversially with multiple myeloma and other non-proliferative disorders. There is no specific effective treatment, but HIV protease inhibitors may play an indirect role in the clearance of human herpesvirus 8 DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of HIV-infected patients. Human herpesvirus 8 DNA is present in saliva, but there are as yet no documented cases of nosocomial transmission to health care workers. The prevalence of human herpesvirus 8 among health care workers is probably similar to that in the general population. CONCLUSION: Human herpesvirus 8 appears to be, at least in Western Europe and United States, restricted to a population at risk of developing Kaposi's sarcoma. Human herpesvirus 8 certainly has the means to overcome cellular control and immune responses and thus predispose carriers to malignancy, particularly Kaposi's sarcoma. The wide diffusion of Human herpesvirus 8 in classic Kaposi's sarcoma areas appears to represent an important factor in the high incidence of the disease. However, additional co-factors are likely to play a role in the development of Kaposi's sarcoma.<br>OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente artigo foi revisar a literatura recente em relação ao herpesvírus humano tipo 8, com ênfase especial aos aspectos relacionados à etiopatogênese do sarcoma de Kaposi. MÉTODOS: Os autores pesquisaram artigos de pesquisa original e revisões de literatura nos aspectos específicos da infecção pelo herpesvírus humano tipo 8, incluindo, virologia, epidemiologia, transmissão, diagnóstico, história natural e terapia. O material considerado relevante foi avaliado e revisado. RESULTADOS: O sarcoma de Kaposi é considerado ainda a malignidade mais comumente observada em pacientes infectados pelo HIV. Estudos epidemiológicos, assim como os baseados em técnicas de biologia molecular indicam que um agente sexualmente transmissível, independente do HIV, deve estar envolvido na etiologia do sarcoma de Kaposi, possivelmente como resultado da ação das cell signaling proteins superando os aspectos da resposta imune. O herpesvírus humano tipo 8 tem sido ainda sugerido como agente causal na patogênese de outras desordens, incluindo mieloma múltiplo, multicentric Castleman's disease, body cavity-based lymphoma, além de outras condições não-proliferativas como sarcoidose e pênfigo vulgar, embora grande parte dos estudos sorológicos apontem para uma soroprevalência em torno de 2 a 10%. O herpesvírus humano tipo 8 parece então, ser um vírus restrito a pessoas sob risco de desenvolver o sarcoma de Kaposi, associado à imunossupressão. O tratamento para o sarcoma de Kaposi é normalmente paliativo, e inclui a aplicação de vimblastina intra-lesional, crio-cirurgia, interferon-alpha e outras formas de terapia. Mais recentemente, os inibidores da protease, foram também sugeridos como possíveis agentes implicados na remissão do sarcoma de Kaposi associado ao HIV e no desaparecimento do herpesvírus humano tipo 8 das células mononucleares do sangue periférico. CONCLUSÃO: O herpesvírus humano tipo 8 está fortemente associado a todas as formas de sarcoma de Kaposi, multicentric Castleman's disease e body cavity-based lymphoma. Ainda, não existe tratamento definitivo para o sarcoma de Kaposi