Document synthese sur l'acces et le partage des avantages issus de l’utilisation des ressources genetiques (APA) et des connaissances traditionnelles associees au Benin

These guidelines introduce the legal instruments and systems established in Benin for the mutually supportive implementation of the International Treaty and the Nagoya Protocol, describing the public bodies involved in the administration of these laws. The guidelines also include how to steps for access seekers applying for access to plant genetic resources in Benin, including forms and templates to be completed when submitting requests. Very significantly, these guidelines were co-developed by the two lead agencies responsible for the administration of the International Treaty and the Nagoya Protocol respectively

Substrat architecturé pour une gestion thermique efficace dans les modules électroniques de puissance

National audienceLes modules électroniques de puissance sont des composants essentiels pour le développement de nombreuses fonctions dans les véhicules électriques et hybrides. Ces modules sont des assemblages de composants électroniques en silicium (transistor et diode) sur un substrat généralement en cuivre. Le substrat assure le maintien mécanique et le transfert de la chaleur pour obtenir une température de fonctionnement convenable (<175°C) du silicium. En fonctionnement, une partie de la puissance est dissipée sous forme d'un flux de chaleur à cause de la résistance interne des semi-conducteurs. Ce flux diffuse de la face inferieure des composants électroniques vers le substrat et engendre l'échauffement de l'assemblage. Du fait que cet assemblage comprend divers matériaux, les dilatations thermiques différentes génèrent des contraintes de cisaillement dans la zone de liaison (brasure) en provoquant l'endommagement des modules électroniques. Pour résoudre ce problème, le substrat doit avoir un compromis entre des caractéristiques électriques et thermiques proches de celles du substrat actuel (Cu) et un coefficient de dilatation linéique proche de celui du semi-conducteur (Si). Une des solutions alternatives consiste à développer un matériau composite architecturé. Nous proposons d'atténuer les effets mécaniques de la dilatation différentielle à l'aide d'un substrat architecturé. Le substrat proposé est un matériau composite métallique dont les paramètres de forme ont été optimisés par simulation numérique et validés expérimentalement afin d'accroître au mieux la conductivité du substrat et d'en réduire la dilatation macroscopique. De plus, nous avons validé la mise en oeuvre du substrat proposé par des procédés conventionnels de colaminage, de pliage et de découpe

Impossibility of independence amplification in Kolmogorov complexity theory

The paper studies randomness extraction from sources with bounded independence and the issue of independence amplification of sources, using the framework of Kolmogorov complexity. The dependency of strings $x$ and $y$ is ${\rm dep}(x,y) = \max\{C(x) - C(x \mid y), C(y) - C(y\mid x)\}$, where $C(\cdot)$ denotes the Kolmogorov complexity. It is shown that there exists a computable Kolmogorov extractor $f$ such that, for any two $n$-bit strings with complexity $s(n)$ and dependency $\alpha(n)$, it outputs a string of length $s(n)$ with complexity $s(n)- \alpha(n)$ conditioned by any one of the input strings. It is proven that the above are the optimal parameters a Kolmogorov extractor can achieve. It is shown that independence amplification cannot be effectively realized. Specifically, if (after excluding a trivial case) there exist computable functions $f_1$ and $f_2$ such that ${\rm dep}(f_1(x,y), f_2(x,y)) \leq \beta(n)$ for all $n$-bit strings $x$ and $y$ with ${\rm dep}(x,y) \leq \alpha(n)$, then $\beta(n) \geq \alpha(n) - O(\log n)$

A complementary approach to estimate the internal pressure of fission gas bubbles by SEM-SIMS-EPMA in irradiated nuclear fuels

International audienceThe behaviour of gases produced by fission is of great importance for nuclear fuel in operation. Within this context, a decade ago, a general method for the characterisation of the fission gas including gas bubbles in an irradiated UO$_2$ nuclear fuel was developed and applied to determine the bubbles internal pressure. The method consists in the determination of the pressure, over a large population of bubbles, using three techniques: SEM, EPMA and SIMS. In this paper, a complementary approach using the information given by the same techniques is performed on an isolated bubble under the surface and is aiming for a better accuracy compared to the more general measurement of gas content. SEM and EPMA enable the detection of a bubble filled with xenon under the surface. SIMS enables the detection of the gas filling the bubble. The quantification is achieved using the EPMA data as reference at positions where no or nearly no bubbles are detected

PHIL: a Test Beam line at LAL

WEPP078International audienceIn the framework of a European contract*, LAL is in charge of the construction of one photo-injector for the drive beam linac of the CLIC Test Facility 3 [1] at CERN. This contract together with national funds allowed LAL to build a home test accelerator, PHIL, with the same photo-injector as for CTF3. The goal is to undergo experiments on the design and technology of advanced RF guns, to develop diagnostics and feedback techniques, a part of the beam time will be also shared with users of the electron beam. So far, the construction of this accelerator at LAL was very much delayed because of the legal obligation to upgrade the radiation shielding in agreement with the actual radiation safety thresholds. The required civil engineering is now finished and the installation of the components is under way. We will first present a design of the accelerator and few dynamic simulation results. Finally we will give an up to date status of the accelerator construction

Efficacy of Anakinra for Various Types of Crystal-Induced Arthritis in Complex Hospitalized Patients: A Case Series and Review of the Literature

International audienceBackground. There are few data on anakinra use after failure of conventional medications for crystal-induced peripheral arthritis and/or crowned dens syndrome among complex hospitalized patients. Methods. We retrospectively analyzed the outcome of six patients affected with subacute crystal-induced arthritis who had received anakinra in second or third line therapy, including three patients with crowned dens syndrome and three others with gouty arthritis. Patients' comorbidities, reasons for anakinra use and associated drugs, and outcomes were recorded. Results. All patients presented with elevated inflammatory syndrome, systemic symptoms with poly/oligoarthritis. Except for absolute contraindications, all patients were previously treated with full or decreased dose of NSAID, colchicine, and/or glucocorticoids, with unsatisfactory response. All three gouty patients exhibited complete responses in all acute involvements under anakinra within 3 to 5 days, including one of them who needed the reintroduction of colchicine treatment that was previously unsuccessful. Crowned dens syndrome patients, including two with pseudogout and one with subacute hydroxyapatite deposition disease, needed 9 to 11 days to achieve complete response. Tolerance to anakinra was good. Conclusion. In case series of complex hospitalized patients, anakinra showed good activity in crowned dens syndrome and associated crystal-induced peripheral arthritis, with longer treatment duration than in gouty arthritis