Validated High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Analysis of Cefadroxil Monohydrate in Human Plasma

Purpose: To develop a simple, rapid and sensitive high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of cefadroxil monohydrate in human plasma.Methods: Schimadzu HPLC with LC solution software was used with Waters Spherisorb, C18 (5 μm, 150mm × 4.5mm) column. The mobile phase was sodium dihydrogen phosphate buffer pH 4.0 and methanol in a ratio of 96:4. Flow rate was 1.5 ml/min and injection volume was 100 μl. Peak response was detected at 260 nm.Results: System suitability results revealed that the coefficient of variation (CV) for retention time, peak response, tailing factor and resolution of six replicate injections was < 3 %. The method was selective to determine cefadroxil in plasma because there was no peak interference of plasma with cefadroxil at its retention time (7.792 min). Linearity was in the range of 0.5 - 30 μg/ml with slope and intercept of 41694.53 and 22614.87, respectively (R2 = 0.9953). Limit of detection (LOD) and lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of the method were 0.03 and 0.06 μg/ml, respectively. Absolute recovery of cefadroxil from plasma was in the range 71 - 90.4 %, while inter-day and intra-day analysis showed satisfactory precision and accuracy; thus, the method was reproducible with the range of CV, i.e., 0.35 - 4.01 and 1.88 - 7.9 % for interday and intraday precision, respectively.Conclusion: The developed method being simple, rapid, reproducible can be suitably employed in pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence studies of cefadroxil monohydrate.Keywords: Validation, Cefadroxil monohydrate, Human plasma, Pharmacokinetics Bioequivalenc

Oxidation Stability of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester under Three Different Conditions

Maintaining fuel stability is one important criterion in sustaining the quality of fuels. This research investigated the production of biodiesel from waste groundnut oil and the oxidation stability of the biodiesel samples stored under three conditions (a vacuum, a fridge and an exposure to atmosphere) by considering their saponification values, percentage of free fatty acid, peroxide values, iodine values and viscosity. Maximum biodiesel yield was obtained at 9 methanol/oil mole ratio, 1.0w/w%Oil KOH catalyst concentration, reaction time of 60 minutes and reaction temperature of 60 0C. The results showed that biodiesel oxidation stability is adversely affected by increase in saponification value, percentage of free fatty acid, peroxide value; and decrease in iodine value and viscosity. Also, the results of these physico-chemical properties shows that vacuum is the most favourable storage condition, compared to freezing and atmospheric condition

Comparison of Surgical Outcome of Open versus Laparoscopic Nephrectomy

Introduction: Removal of a kidney is a common surgical procedure for a longtime. The procedure was traditionally done by open surgery. Since the advent of laparoscopic surgery, nephrectomy is being done increasingly laparoscopically. The laparoscopic approach has obvious advantages. Better cosmetics, less operative time, lesser need for blood transfusions, feweranalgesia requirements, early mobility,and oral feed, early return to work,and fewerintraoperative and post-operative major complications all contribute to thesuperiority of laparoscopic nephrectomy. Objective:To compare surgical outcomesof open versus laparoscopic nephrectomy. Materials and Methods:This Retrospectives study was conducted in the Department of Urology, Institute of kidney disease, Hayatabad, Peshawar over a period of 2 years from January 2018to January 2020. Results:Our study included a total of 78 cases, 48.7% males and 51.3% females. The patient means the age of 42.69 years. 39.7% had hypertension and 19.2% had diabetes mellitus. Open nephrectomy was done in 40 patients and laparoscopic nephrectomy in 38 patients. The average operating time for open nephrectomy was 160.5 minutes and 130.9minutes for laparoscopic nephrectomy. The average blood loss during open and laparoscopic nephrectomywas 361.25ml and 59.86ml. Blood transfusion rate in open and laparoscopic nephrectomy was 55% and 10.5% (p=0.001). Overall, the post-operative complication rate was 52.5% and 21.5% for an open and laparoscopic approach. Post-operative pain was noted in 7.9% of patients in laparoscopic and 97.5% for an open approach. Fever was noted postoperatively in 26.3% and 62.5% of patients in laparoscopic and open approaches (p=0.001). The average hospital stay in the laparoscopic approach was 2.8days and 4.5days in the open approach. The mean tumor size was 5.65cm in laparoscopic while 8.1cm in the open approach. Catheter and drain removal was on average 1.18 days and 1.32days post-op day in the laparoscopic group while it was 2.35days and 2.3days post-op day in an open group, respectively. There were no per-op complications in the laparoscopic approach as compared to 2 Cases of minor IVC injury in open. Conclusion:In our study,we conclude that the laparoscopic approach for nephrectomy is far superior as compared tothe open approach and it is recommended that Laparoscopic simple and radical nephrectomy shouldbe considered a gold standard treatment. Keywords:Open nephrectomy, laparoscopic nephrectomy, tumor, HTN, D

Oxidation Stability of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester under Three Different Conditions

Maintaining fuel stability is one important criterion in sustaining the quality of fuels. This research investigated the production of biodiesel from waste groundnut oil and the oxidation stability of the biodiesel samples stored under three conditions (a vacuum, a fridge and an exposure to atmosphere) by considering their saponification values, percentage of free fatty acid, peroxide values, iodine values and viscosity. Maximum biodiesel yield was obtained at 9 methanol/oil mole ratio, 1.0w/w%Oil KOH catalyst concentration, reaction time of 60 minutes and reaction temperature of 60 0C. The results showed that biodiesel oxidation stability is adversely affected by increase in saponification value, percentage of free fatty acid, peroxide value; and decrease in iodine value and viscosity. Also, the results of these physico-chemical properties shows that vacuum is the most favourable storage condition, compared to freezing and atmospheric conditions. Keywords: Atmosphere, Biodiesel, Refrigerator, Trans-esterification, Vacuu

Comparison of Surgical Outcome of Open versus Laparoscopic Nephrectomy

Introduction: Removal of a kidney is a common surgical procedure for a longtime. The procedure was traditionally done by open surgery. Since the advent of laparoscopic surgery, nephrectomy is being done increasingly laparoscopically. The laparoscopic approach has obvious advantages. Better cosmetics, less operative time, lesser need for blood transfusions, feweranalgesia requirements, early mobility,and oral feed, early return to work,and fewerintraoperative and post-operative major complications all contribute to thesuperiority of laparoscopic nephrectomy. Objective:To compare surgical outcomesof open versus laparoscopic nephrectomy. Materials and Methods:This Retrospectives study was conducted in the Department of Urology, Institute of kidney disease, Hayatabad, Peshawar over a period of 2 years from January 2018to January 2020. Results:Our study included a total of 78 cases, 48.7% males and 51.3% females. The patient means the age of 42.69 years. 39.7% had hypertension and 19.2% had diabetes mellitus. Open nephrectomy was done in 40 patients and laparoscopic nephrectomy in 38 patients. The average operating time for open nephrectomy was 160.5 minutes and 130.9minutes for laparoscopic nephrectomy. The average blood loss during open and laparoscopic nephrectomywas 361.25ml and 59.86ml. Blood transfusion rate in open and laparoscopic nephrectomy was 55% and 10.5% (p=0.001). Overall, the post-operative complication rate was 52.5% and 21.5% for an open and laparoscopic approach. Post-operative pain was noted in 7.9% of patients in laparoscopic and 97.5% for an open approach. Fever was noted postoperatively in 26.3% and 62.5% of patients in laparoscopic and open approaches (p=0.001). The average hospital stay in the laparoscopic approach was 2.8days and 4.5days in the open approach. The mean tumor size was 5.65cm in laparoscopic while 8.1cm in the open approach. Catheter and drain removal was on average 1.18 days and 1.32days post-op day in the laparoscopic group while it was 2.35days and 2.3days post-op day in an open group, respectively. There were no per-op complications in the laparoscopic approach as compared to 2 Cases of minor IVC injury in open. Conclusion:In our study,we conclude that the laparoscopic approach for nephrectomy is far superior as compared tothe open approach and it is recommended that Laparoscopic simple and radical nephrectomy shouldbe considered a gold standard treatment. Keywords:Open nephrectomy, laparoscopic nephrectomy, tumor, HTN, D

Studies on Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Pimples

Background and Objective: Pimples (acne) are small skin lesions or inflammations of the skin. The most common factor causing acne is the hormonal changes that occur during adolescent and teenage years. Antibiotics are becoming less effective in the treatment of pimples due to increasing concerns of antibiotic resistance. This study was therefore carried out to characterize the isolates from the pimples of Covenant University Students and to determine their antibiotics sensitivity pattern. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 swab samples were obtained from male and female students with obvious signs of pimples in Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria. The samples obtained were cultured on Mannitol Salt Agar and incubated at 37EC. Pure isolates obtained were subjected to Gram staining and other biochemical tests for identification. The isolates were further subjected to antibiotics sensitivity tests using antibiotic dics. Results: Macroscopic examination indicated that the organisms were convex, smooth and shiny. Microscopic examination revealed that the isolates were positive after employing the Gram Staining technique and they appeared as grape-like clusters. Biochemical tests revealed that the isolates were Coagulase positive, Catalase positive, Urease positive, Citrate positive, Methyl-Red positive, Voges-Proskauer negative and negative upon starch hydrolysis. The sugar fermentation tests revealed that the isolates fermented Glucose, Maltose, Galactose, Sucrose and Lactose, respectively. The antibiotic susceptibility test showed that isolates were resistant to Cotrimazole, Cloxacillin, Erythromycin, Gentamycin, Augmentin, Streptomycin, Tetracycline and Chloramphenicol. Conclusion: The results therefore indicated that the isolates were Staphylococcus aureus and other staphylococci species. Indiscriminate use of antibiotics should be avoided to prevent the development of resistant strains of the Staphylococci genera and other pathogenic organisms

PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE OF HUNTERIA UMBELLATA FRUIT EXTRACT ON HORMONAL AND RENAL PROFILE IN CADMIUM INDUCED TOXICITY MALE WISTAR RATS

The present study was design with an objective to investigate the toxicity level of cadmium chloride on hormonal and biochemical markers and the restoration strength of Hunteria umbellata aqueous fruit extract administered at various dosage level of treatment in induced male wistar rats. The parameters investigated includes LH,FSH, Testosterone, Prolactin, Urea, Creatinine, and Uric acid following 0.07ml and 0.06ml single dose cdcl₂ induction of group2 and group3.However group4 was administered 0.03ml cdcl₂ daily while group1 serve as the control.Group2 was treated at 400mg/kg and group3 at 200mg/kg extract daily while group4 received no treatment but feed  and water ad libidum.Results from this study shows higher FSH (0.52 m/u/ml), LH (1.32 m/u/ml) and Prolactin (1.17ng/ml) among group3 treated at 200mg/kg extract of the Hunteria umbellata fruit. This was closely followed by group2 treated at 400mg/kg body weight ie LH (0.74 m/u/ml), Prolactin (1.04ng/ml) compared with group4 FSH of (0.25 m/u/ml), LH (0.37 m/u/ml) and control. The testosterone level was higher in group2 (4.65 ng/ml) compared with other groups. The study shows higher renal markers in group4 administered cdcl₂ without treatment. However in group2 treated at 400mg/kg extract had decreased renal markers followed by group3 treated at 200mg/kg extract.ie results from this study further indicate higher renal indices among group4 administered oral cdcl₂ daily with urea having (10.70mmol/l), Creatinine (178.5µmol/l) and uric acid (430.0µmol/l) compared with the control group of (9.6mmol/l),(165µmol/l) and (375µmol/l) respectively. This study have shown clearly the physio-pharmacological effect of Hunteria umbellata fruit extract in increasing glomerullar filtration rate to clear off these parameters from the blood and restore normal renal function