A perspective review of deadly viral diseases: An era of viruses

This review article overviewed briefly about the era of deadly viruses. Humans have been combating viruses since before our species had even evolved into its recent form. In some cases of viral infections, vaccines and antiviral drugs have allowed us to treat infections from spreading broadly, and have facilitated to patient recover. But it is far from over to fight the viruses. In recent decades, a number of viruses have sprung from animals to humans and have caused massive outbreaks, claiming thousands of lives such as the virus that led to the 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak in West Africa kills up to 90% of the population, making it the deadliest member of the Ebola family. But there are some viruses that are equally deadly, and some are even more deadly. Some viruses, including the novel coronavirus currently undergoing global outbreaks, have a low mortality rate but still pose a serious health risk as we have no means of access to the health facilities and scarcity of resources and infrastructure. Here we are reporting such type of ten deadly viruses. those have infected humans within last 50 years

Electronic delivery of nicotine: help in smoking cessation or an alternative means of addiction

All over the world currently there are billions of people who use tobacco regularly that’s why now these days the tobacco is one of the most widely used drug. Many of scientific evidences reveal that tobacco is dangerous to human health. Tobacco contains plethora of harmful chemical substances, out of which many of them are carcinogens. Smoking is responsible for 90% of all lung cancer and mouth cancer, 75% of chronic bronchitis and emphysema and 25 % of ischemic heart disease cases so tobacco is one of the leading preventable causes of deaths. In consideration of all these factors this review discusses various aspects of these electronic cigarettes like their structural components, working mechanism and their role in smoking cessation. E-cigarettes now gained a lot of popularity. This review also helps to aware health care professionals along with general population about the safety, myths, future challenges and about all pros and cons of using E-cigarettes. Keywords: Cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, e-cigarettes, nicotine, public health, smoking cessation, tobacc

PERANCANGAN MUSIC BACKGROUND UNTUK FILM ANIMASI BANDUNG LAUTAN API

Bandung Lautan Api merupakan sejarah perjuangan rakyat Indonesia di wilayah Bandung Jawa Barat untuk melawan para penjajah yang ingin merebut kembali wilayah Indonesia, perlawan rakyat Indonesia melawan penjajah dengan membakar bangunan dan rumah-rumah warga, sehingga para penjajah tidak dapat mempergunakan bangunan tersebut. Menurut kuesioner yang kami sebar ke beberapa pelajar di wilayah Bandung khususnya pelajar SMP, kebanyakan dari mereka tidak mengetahui secara rinci kejadian Bandung Lautan Api terjadi, tetapi hanya mengetahui garis besarnya saja, melalui media animasi berbasis 2 dimensi ini dengan penggunaan music background untuk melengkapi dan membangun emosi kemudian menjadi tujuan perancangan untuk menyampaikan sejarah secara rinci mengenai Bandung Lautan Api kepada target audience, metode yang digunakan melalui media kualitatif, dengan pengumpulan data studi literatur, wawancara, observasi dan kuesioner, diharapkan dengan pembuatan film animasi ini dapat memberi pengetahuan dan wawasan mengenai sejarah Bandung Lautan Api. Kata Kunci : Penata Suara, Animasi, Bandung Lautan Ap

Perception on generic drugs among general populace visiting a community pharmacy Jaipur, Rajasthan

Healthcare costs have been leading cause of poverty for many Indians. One of the solutions to this is to advocate generic drugs which are cheaper in comparison to brand name drugs. The government of India had made it mandatory for physicians to use only generic names while prescribing. This study was conducted to analyze the perception of general public in Jaipur, Rajasthan towards generic drugs. A simple close ended questionnaire was administered to selected participants visiting a community pharmacy over a period of 3 months. Patients were asked about their opinions on effectiveness and government promotion of generic substitutions. In the study consisting of 100 participants 92 of them had heard of generic drugs while 76% knew the difference between generic and branded drugs. 47.8% believed that brand name drugs were more effective than generic while 34.7% believed in lower quality of generic drugs. Only 30.4% of participants were aware of government’s efforts to promote generic drugs. 65% confirmed that they would prefer a generic drug only if it were recommended by a physician and not a pharmacist. Majority of participants had their primary source of information as social media. The result from study suggests that in order to reduce overall healthcare costs of Indians the government must ensure to include all healthcare professionals with physicians as primary informer and also include campaigns through social Medias. Keywords: Healthcare costs, generic drugs, branded drugs, community pharmac

To assess prescribing pattern of antibiotics in department of pediatric at tertiary care teaching hospital

Background: Frequent use of antibiotics can cause antimicrobial resistance and increased health care cost. Child and infants have immature pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic system. To overcome issue regarding antibiotic, use of institutional protocols based on rational standard guidelines (IAP/WHO) is necessary. Aim: To assess prescribing pattern of antibiotics in department of pediatric at tertiary care teaching hospital. Methods: A 6 months prospective observational single centered study was conducted on 147 pediatric patients who were prescribed with antibiotics at a tertiary care teaching Hospital, from December 2017 to May 2018. Results: In study population distribution of age 5-10(41.66%) is highest population of patients and age 16-18(9.72%) is lowest patients of population. In disease distribution URTI  (23.12%) is highest population of patients and Meningitis (2.02%) is lowest. Amoxicilin (27.21%) was more prescribed antibiotic and Levofloxacin (2.04%) was less prescribed drug. In gender distribution (66.66%) patient were found to be male and (33.33%) patient were found to be female out of total population. In frequency of treatment (54.42%) were given as twice a day, followed by (27.89%) were given once a day and (17.68%) were given as a thrice a day. Conclusion: It was found that the population of male patient more than female patient, Study give the common idea of antibiotic prescribing pattern. The prescribing of antibiotics was according to the guidelines. Keywords:  Antibiotic, Pediatric, rational, prescribing pattern, inpatient, outpatient

No change in the regional distribution of tidal volume during lateral posture in mechanically ventilated patients assessed by electrical impedance tomography

We assessed the distribution of regional lung ventilation during moderate and steep lateral posture using electrical impedance tomography (EIT) in mechanically ventilated patients. Seven patients were placed on a kinetic treatment table. An elastic belt containing 16 electrodes was placed around the chest and was connected to the EIT device. Patients were moved to left and right lateral positions in a stepwise (10°) mode up to 60°. EIT images [arbitrary units (AU)] were generated and scanned for assessment of relative ventilation distribution changes [tidal volume (VT)]. A calibration procedure of arbitrary units (AUs) versus ventilator-derived VT performed in all patients during three predefined positions (supine, 60°-left dependent and 60°-right-dependent) showed a significant correlation between VT in supine, left and right lateral positions with the corresponding AUs (r2 = 0·356, P<0·05). Changes in VT were calculated and compared to supine position, and specific regions of interest (ROIs) were analysed. In our study, in contrast to recent findings, a change in lateral positions did not induce a significant change in regional tidal volume distribution. In right lateral positions, a broader variation of VT with a trend towards an increase in the dependently positioned lung was observed in comparison with supine. Lateral positioning promotes the redistribution of ventilation to the ventral regions of the lung. The use of EIT technology might become a helpful tool for understanding and guiding posture therapy in mechanically ventilated patients

Hydroxychloroquine: A Comprehensive Review and Its Controversial Role in Coronavirus Disease 2019

Hydroxychloroquine, initially used as an antimalarial, is used as an immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory agent for the management of autoimmune and rheumatic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. Lately, there has been interest in its potential efficacy against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, with several speculated mechanisms. The purpose of this review is to elaborate on the mechanisms surrounding hydroxychloroquine. The review is an in-depth analysis of the antimalarial, immunomodulatory, and antiviral mechanisms of hydroxychloroquine, with detailed and novel pictorial explanations. The mechanisms of hydroxychloroquine are related to potential cardiotoxic manifestations and demonstrate potential adverse effects when used for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Finally, current literature associated with hydroxychloroquine and COVID-19 has been analyzed to interrelate the mechanisms, adverse effects, and use of hydroxychloroquine in the current pandemic. Currently, there is insufficient evidence about the efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19.KEY MESSAGES HCQ, initially an antimalarial agent, is used as an immunomodulatory agent for managing several autoimmune diseases, for which its efficacy is linked to inhibiting lysosomal antigen processing, MHC-II antigen presentation, and TLR functions. HCQ is generally well-tolerated although severe life-threatening adverse effects including cardiomyopathy and conduction defects have been reported. HCQ use in COVID-19 should be discouraged outside clinical trials under strict medical supervision

PHARMACOKINETIC STUDY IN HUMANS AND IN-VITRO EVALUATION OF BIOENHANCED BILAYER SUBLINGUAL FILMS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE MIGRAINE

Objective: Long-lasting migraine pain is one of the most disabling neurological disorders and requires a quick onset of action from the administered dosage form. This study aimed to provide sublingual administration of the frequently used combination of NSAID and triptan in order to trigger their action immediately by escaping the first pass metabolism, simultaneously improving patient compliance. Methods: In the present research, bilayer sublingual films were developed by joining the two loaded layers with zolmitriptan and piroxicam, respectively. Each layer was prepared and loaded separately using the traditional solvent casting method. Mechanical support was provided by the 1:1 combination of HPMC E-15 and pullulan, which were used as water-soluble film-forming polymers with polyethylene glycol 400 as a plasticizer. Films were evaluated for various physicochemical and mechanical properties. Finally, a pharmacokinetic study was performed on six healthy human volunteers to compare the PK parameters of the best formulation, BSTF-3, with those of a commercially available formulation. Sepitrap 80 and Sepitrap 4000 were used as bioenhancers to achieve faster systemic delivery. Results: The thin flexible bilayer films were observed to provide quick action alone with increase patient compliance by preventing the first pass metabolism and dysphagia. Sepitrap 80 successfully increased the permeation of both the drugs. Approximately 92 percent of zolmitriptan was released from the formed bilayer sublingual thin films within 3 minutes, whereas 92 percent of piroxicam was released within 4.5 minutes from the best formulation. Within 30 minutes of the commencement of the pharmacokinetic investigation, plasma concentrations of the active component began to rise rapidly. Conclusion: When compared to commercial formulations, the developed films had a greater AUC and Cmax with a shorter Tmax, indicating a faster trigger of action and higher bioavailability