A REVIEW ON NEW TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AS NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE AND ITS RISK FACTOR CAUSE, SYMPTOMS, AND TREATMENT AT WORLDWIDEâ€

ABSTRACTAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a dynamic and irreversible neurodegenerative illness and relates to the most widely recognized reason for dementiaaround the world. AD is a dynamic and lethal cerebrum ailment. Alzheimer's obliterates mind cells, bringing on memory issue or misfortune and issueswith speculation and conduct sufficiently serious to influence work, long lasting leisure activities or social life. Alzheimer's illness is quickly becomingworldwide, but there is no cure for it. Now, accessible medications just give symptomatic help and do not mediate in infection prepare adequatelyenough to avert or cure it. Various late studies have reported that working memory does not appear to demonstrate regular age-related deficienciesin solid more established grown-ups when enthusiastic data are included. Indeed, contingent upon the capacity included, patients might demonstratean enthusiastic advantage in their working memory execution. Moreover, this advantage is not generally obviously one-sided (e.g., toward negativeor positive data). We decipher this intricate example of results as an outcome of the cooperation between numerous components including theseriousness of AD, the nature of emotional jolts, and sort of working memory errand. Clinical advantages of the accessible pharmacological treatmentfor AD with antidementia drugs (to be specific cholinesterase inhibitors and Memantine) are obvious. In an unexpected way, learns about the transientcapacity to encode and effectively control enthusiastic data in dementia of Alzheimer's sort are few and have yielded blended results.Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, Risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, Diagnosis, Classification of Anti-Alzheimer's drug

AN OVERVIEW ON MEMORY DYSFUNCTION, TYPES OF MEMORY, AND ITS CLINICAL DISORDERSâ€

ABSTRACTAll things considered, memory debilitation is ordinarily seen by doctors in different controls including neurology, psychiatry, pharmaceutical, andsurgery. Memory misfortune is frequently the most crippling element of numerous disarranges, hindering the typical every day exercises of thepatients, and significantly influencing their families. A few recognitions about memory, for example, the ideas of short term†and long haul†haveoffered route to a more refined understanding and enhanced order frameworks. These progressions result from neuropsychological investigationsof patients with central mind injuries, neuroanatomical studies in people and creatures, tests in creatures, positron-discharge tomography, usefulattractive reverberation imaging, and possibilities. Memory is presently comprehended to be a gathering of mental capacities that rely on a fewframeworks inside the cerebrum. In this article, we will talk about the accompanying four memory frameworks that are of clinical significance: Wordymemory, semantic memory, procedural memory, and working memory. Memory frameworks can be isolated into those that are definitive and thosethat are non-decisive. Revelatory or express memory will be memory for occasions that can be deliberately reviewed. Non-definitive or verifiablememory, by correlation, is memory that is communicated as an adjustment in conduct and is regularly oblivious.Keywords: Episodic memory, Semantic memory, Working memory, Agnosia, Brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Wernicke–Korsakoff's Syndrome

A call for development of a growth standard to measure malnutrition of school-age children

There is no globally established standard for measuring malnutrition among children aged 5-18 years. Growth references are used as a standard but there are many limitations to using such references to assess nutritional status of Indian children. As per the World Health Organization, standards and references both serve as a basis for comparison, but each enables a different interpretation. A standard defines how children should grow; and deviations from the pattern it prescribes are evidence of abnormal growth. A reference, on the other hand, does not provide a basis for such value judgments, although in practice, references often are mistakenly used as standards. This paper has conducted a methodological review of prevalence of malnutrition from openly accessible literature pertaining to assessment of nutritional status of school-going children in India from the year 2000 to 2016. The methodological review reveals that a combination of different national and international references have been used in assessing nutritional status of Indian children. International references includes NCHS 1977, CDC 2000, WHO 2007, IOTF 2012 extended Body Mass Index (BMI) cutoffs, Gomez classification, Waterlow’s classification and national references such as - Agarwal standards, ICMR reference values, IAP reference and BMI cut-off for overweight & obesity of Indian children. A new national growth reference has been recently developed by Marwaha and others (2011) for BMI, but no assessment of nutritional status using this reference was found. Each of these methods was then applied to a database containing height, weight, age and sex of 5340 school-going children. Though there are three nutritional indicators for school-age children, majority of the study conducted used only BMI chart to assess nutritional status. Therefore BMI-for-age is considered for the analysis to i) understand the methodological application of the above growth references ii) compare the differences in nutritional status and iii) recommend an appropriate growth reference (from those available) to assess the nutritional status of Indian school-age children. The literature review also reveals that malnutrition among school-age children is prevalent in India. There is no national level data available to support this judgement across regions, gender and caste. Given a likely high prevalence of malnutrition, this paper calls for the development of a growth standard to measure malnutrition among school-age children in India. Though this paper is focused on malnutrition, it simultaneously provides similar importance to over growth. A growth Standard therefore fills up such gaps in measuring double burden of malnutrition i.e. under-nutrition and over-nutrition

Critical review on Anand Bhairav Rasa w.s.r. to Rasa Yog Sagar

Anand Bhairav Rasa is a traditional Ayurvedic medicine and having therapeutic importance. It has total 12 Pathabheda as per Rasa Yog Sagar (R.Y.S.)[1] Anand Bhairav Rasa is specifically acts on Jwar (fever) and Atisar (diarrhoea). Among this 12 Pathabhedas each Pathabheda has different herbal, metal and mineral contents. Hingula (cinnabar) and Vatsanabha (Aconitum ferox) are two most important contents which are almost common among all Pathabheda. Each Pathabheda has unique indications, But among all Jwar and Atisar has most common therapeutic use. Other indication are Kasa (cough), Shwasa (asthama), Prameha (diabetes), Ajirna (indigestion), Apasmar (epilepsy), Grahani (IBS) etc. This paper enlightens on those all points like contents, dose, Bhavana, Anupana, Pathya and clinical indications of Anand Bhairav Rasa. Anandbhairav Rasa is an important formulation in the practice of Ayurveda. There is 12 Pathabheda in Rasayogsagar of an Anandbhairav Rasa. The article mainly compiles review of 12 Pathabheda of Anandbhairav Rasa from Rasayogsagar

Sickle cell disease complications: Prevalence and resource utilization

Objectives: This study evaluated the prevalence rate of vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) episodes, rates of uncomplicated and complicated VOC episodes, and the primary reasons for emergency room (ER) visits and inpatient admissions for sickle cell disease (SCD) patients. Methods: The Medicaid Analytic extracts database was used to identify adult SCD patients using claims from 01JUL2009-31DEC2012. The date of the first observed SCD claim was designated as the index date. Patients were required to have continuous medical and pharmacy benefits for .6 months baseline and .12 months follow-up period. Patient demographics, baseline clinical characteristics, the rate of uncomplicated and complicated VOC (VOC with concomitant SCD complications) episodes, and reasons for ER visits and inpatient stays were analyzed descriptively. Results: A total of 8,521 patients were included in the analysis, with a median age of 30 years. The average follow-up period was 2.7 years. The rate of VOC episodes anytime in the follow-up was 3.31 in person-years. During the first-year follow-up period, an average of 2.79 VOC episodes were identified per SCD patients, with 1.06 VOC episodes treated in inpatient setting and 0.90 VOC episodes in ER without admission. A total of 76,154 VOC episodes were identified during the entire follow-up period for the overall SCD patients. Most of the VOC episodes (70.3% [n = 53,523]) were uncomplicated episodes, and 29.7% were complicated episodes. Using primary diagnosis claims only, the most frequent complications during the VOC episode were infectious diseases (25.9%), fever (21.8%), and pulmonary disorders (16.2%). Among ER and hospitalizations related to VOC or SCD complication, ~85.0% had VOCs as the primary reason for admission; 15.0% had SCD complications as the primary reason. Conclusion: In summary, SCD and its related comorbidities and complications result in high acute health care utilization. In addition, VOC remains the primary reason for SCD patients’ ER visits and inpatient admissions

Methylglyoxal Binding to Bovine Liver Catalase Results in Loss of Activity and Heme Dislocation

Glycation, the non-enzymatic attachment of glucose to protein, is one of the important events in the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and other diseases. Methylglyoxal (MG), a dicarbonyl compound formed during glycation, monosaccharide autoxidation, and metabolism is elevated during diabetes mellitus. Among other antioxidant enzymes, catalase is important for the defense against oxidative damage. However, antioxidant enzymes including catalase can themselves become targets of non-enzymatic modification by methylglyoxal. In this study, catalase was incubated with increasing concentrations of MG for different time intervals. Structural and functional alterations to catalase were monitored by a variety of approaches, namely, assay of enzyme activity, staining of gels for activity as well as heme, measurement of protein carbonyls and Arg pyrimidine, which is a specific MG modification product. A progressive increase in electrophoretic mobility and detachment of heme from the monomer were observed with increasing concentrations of methylglyoxal. The MG-modified enzyme showed reduced affinity towards the substrate hydrogen peroxide. Molecular modeling studies revealed that MG can access the heme and arginine residues close to it. Thus, the decrease in activity of methylglyoxal-modified catalase may be important in aggravating the severity of secondary complications seen in diabetes mellitus.HIGHLIGHTS•Increase in concentration of methylglyoxal caused a progressive increase in electrophoretic mobility and detachment of heme from the monomer.•MG-modified enzyme showed reduced affinity towards the substrate hydrogen peroxide.•Molecular modeling studies showed that MG can access the heme and arginine residues close to it

A prospective study of arthroscopic evaluation of patients with chronic shoulder pain

Background: Shoulder pain is a common musculoskeletal complaint that may be due either to intrinsic disorders of the shoulder or referred pain. In this study, we aimed to find out the sensitivity and specificity of the clinical and radiological methods in diagnosing the chronic shoulder problems and to compare clinical and radiological diagnosis with arthroscopic diagnosis.Methods: After obtaining approval of the institutional ethics committee, we enrolled patients who presented with chronic shoulder pain in the outpatient clinic of Department of Orthopedics, DY Patil Medical College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai from August 2003 till August 2005. We obtained historical data of each patient in detail and made clinical, radiological and arthroscopic diagnosis. The findings from each diagnostic modality were compared and analysed.Results: During the study period, 34 patients were enrolled in the study. Injury was traumatic in 32% of the patients and 50% of all patients were heavy workers by occupation. Half of all the patients had pain in shoulder for more than 6 months. Clinical diagnosis of biceps tendinitis was made in 44% of patients, but radiological and arthroscopic diagnosis of biceps tendinitis was made in 18% and 12% respectively. Impingement was diagnosed in 29% patients clinically, in 15% patients radiologically and in 21% patients arthroscopically. Rotator cuff injury was diagnosed in 26% patients clinically, in 41% patients radiologically and in 67% patients arthroscopically. Conclusions: Findings from this single centre study suggest that arthroscopy can diagnose and treat conditions causing chronic shoulder pain, which is cost effective as well

Machine Learning Algorithm for Early Detection and Analysis of Brain Tumors Using MRI Images

Among the human body's organs, the brain is the most delicate and specialized. It is proven that after the heart stops then also brain death occurs within 3 to 5 minutes of death or within 3 to 5 minutes of loss of oxygen supply. A brain tumor is a life-threatening disease that can be detected at any age from an infant to an old person. Though a lot of people did research in the detection and analysis of a tumor, but then also detecting tumors at the early phase is still a much more arduous field in the biomedical study. This paper focuses on the comparative study of various existing algorithms in this field. This paper addresses the challenges and some issues in MRI brain tumor detection which are also addressed in this research

Rootstock affects stress relieving enzymatic activity during bud break in 'Red Globe' grapevine under semi-arid condition

       The role of stress relieving enzymes during bud sprouting in grapevines has already been established in different varieties. However, data on 'Red Globe' variety under tropical conditions are not reported. The present study was conducted to generate data on stress relieving enzymatic activities during bud sprout in 'Red Globe' on different rootstocks under arid conditions of India. Influence of different rootstocks on stress relieving enzymes (catalase, peroxidase, ascorbic acid oxidase and polyphenol oxidase) involved in bud sprouting under tropical conditions with double pruning and single cropping pattern was evidenced. Positive interactions were observed between enzymatic activities of stress relieving enzymes, increased bud break (64.25 %) and reduction in days taken to bud sprout (8.43 days). Among the rootstocks under study, vines on 110R and own rooted vines have strong impact on stress relieving enzymes that resulted into early and increased bud sprouting. Also, the dynamics of enzymatic activity can be used as biological indicators for forecasting the end of bud dormancy and recommencement of growth

Comprehensive Comparison of Various Approaches for Implementation of Expert IR System through Pre-processing and Clustering

We live in a digital world wherein tremendous electronic data evolves out every day, generating from huge amount of sources present. This data is tedious and nearly impossible to manage as it being literally large. Data storage and retrieval becomes a truly difficult task. Thus through data mining approach this type of data can be treated with various efficient techniques for cleaning, compression and sorting of data. Preprocessing can be used to remove basic English stop-words from data making it compact and easy for further processing; later dimensionality reduction techniques make data more efficient and specific. This data later can be clustered for better information retrieval. This paper elaborates the various dimensionality reduction and clustering techniques applied on sample dataset C50test of 2500 documents giving promising results, their comparison and better approach for relevant information retrieval, using tool based as well as programming based approach for providing comprehensive choices among the users