Wage discrimination and partial compliance with the minimum wage law

This paper presents a simple model to characterize the discriminatory behavior of a non-complying firm in a minimum-wage economy. In the analysis, the violating firm pays one “favored†group of workers the statutory minimum and the other “non-favored†group of workers a sub-minimum. We find conditions under which law enforcement is ineffective in improving the between-group wage differentials. We show that an increase in the minimum wage raises the sub-minimum wage and employment of workers in the non-favored group, but reduces the employment of workers in the favored group. The effect of the minimum wage increase on total employment is unambiguously negative, however.

Everyday Suffocations, Smells and Sounds of Jung

This paper traces the insidious movement of tear gas shells from the site of jung (Kashmiri reference for stone-pelting, more directly referred to as Kanni Jung) to intimate spaces of homes, interrogating the world of unabated military violence in Downtown Srinagar. It delineates the sensate world of political conflict through the precarious social life of people and their multi-layered relationship with forms of military control, particularly tear gas shells1. In trying to capture the inbetween-ness of toxic tear gas—between striking protestors on the road and permeating inside homes, between explosion and diffusion— I ask: how does this “non-lethal” (Graham 2010: 244) chemical weapon affect the social world of people in Downtown? Can this gas, claiming to function specifically as a resistance-quelling weapon, differentiate neatly between ‘dangerous’ rioting bodies and bodies of civilians or between an azaadipasand2 (Kashmiri for pro-freedom) home and a non-azaadi3 pasand home? Borrowing from Bourdieu’s idea of the habitus (1990), the paper explicates that certain lived realities become embodiments and train the human body to preemptively act and respond in particular ways to everyday unfolding military violence. During the ethnographic fieldwork between 2015 and 2017 in Downtown Srinagar, I attempted to un-layer this sensory landscape of tear gas by exploring narratives of daem (Kashmiri for suffocation) that have acquired a routine texture in this toxic geography

A Study of Small Perturbations in the Coriolis and Centrifugal Forces in RR3BP with Finite Straight Segment

In this paper, the effect of small perturbations in the Coriolis and centrifugal forces on the existence and stability of the equilibrium point in the Robe’s restricted three-body problem (RR3BP) by taking the smaller primary as a finite straight segment is introduced. In the present structure the density rho1 of the fluid filled in the bigger primary of mass m1*and the density rho3 of the infinitesimal body of mass m3 are considered to be equal. It is worth mentioning that the location of the equilibrium point is affected by a small perturbation in the centrifugal force. The present model possesses one equilibrium point L1 which is collinear with the center of mass of the primaries. It lies towards the right or left of the center of the shell according as the perturbation pi2 in the centrifugal force is positive or negative. Further, the stability of L1 is analyzed. The range of stability is affected not only by the perturbations in the Coriolis and centrifugal forces but also by the length of the finite straight segment. For 0 \u3c mu less than or equal to mu*, L1 is unstable whereas for mu* \u3c mu \u3c 1 it becomes stable. It is observed that the Coriolis force is a stabilizing force provided the centrifugal force is kept constant while the centrifugal force is a destabilizing force when the Coriolis force is kept constant

Restricted Three-Body Problem Under the Effect of Albedo When Smaller Primary is a Finite Straight Segment

This paper addresses the dynamics of the infinitesimal body in the restricted three-body problem under the effect of Albedo when the smaller primary is a finite straight segment and bigger one is a source of radiation. The measure of diffusive reflection of solar radiation out of the total solar radiation received by a body is Albedo which is measured on a scale from 0 to 1. The equations of motion of the infinitesimal body are derived and it is found that there exist five libration points, out of which three are collinear and the rest are non-collinear with the primaries. All the collinear libration points are found to be unstable while the non-collinear libration points are stable for a critical value of the mass parameter. The perturbation of libration points and its stability due to the effect of Albedo and straight segment in the present problem are investigated. Further, it is found that the effect of Jacobian constant, length of the straight segment and Albedo parameter has a substantial influence on the possible regions of motion of the infinitesimal body. It is observed that when the value of the Jacobian constant decreases, the region of possible motion increases. When the length of the straight segment increases, the region of possible motion increases. Further, it is observed that as we increase the Albedo parameter, the region of possible motion decreases

(R1882) Effects of Viscosity, Oblateness, and Finite Straight Segment on the Stability of the Equilibrium Points in the RR3BP

Associating the influences of viscosity and oblateness in the finite straight segment model of the Robe’s problem, the linear stability of the collinear and non-collinear equilibrium points for a small solid sphere m3 of density \rho3 are analyzed. This small solid sphere is moving inside the first primary m1 whose hydrostatic equilibrium figure is an oblate spheroid and it consists of an incompressible homogeneous fluid of density \rho1. The second primary m2 is a finite straight segment of length 2l. The existence of the equilibrium points is discussed after deriving the pertinent equations of motion of the small solid sphere. It is found that viscosity does not affect the location and number of equilibrium points but affects the stability as it converts the marginal stability to asymptotic stability. However, oblateness affects the locations of the equilibrium points. Applicability of the results of this study to an astrophysical problem is discussed and we have calculated a lower bound on ratio of orbital radius R and total mass M of primaries m1 and m2 of an astrophysical problem to which the results obtained may be applied. This ratio denoted by s is called as scaling factor

(R1508) Stability and Zero Velocity Curves in the Perturbed Restricted Problem of 2 + 2 Bodies

The present study investigates the existence and linear stability of the equilibrium points in the restricted problem of 2+2 bodies including the effect of small perturbations epsilon-1 and espilon-2 in the Coriolis and centrifugal forces respectively. The less massive primary is considered as a straight segment and the more massive primary a point mass. The equations of motion of the infinitesimal bodies are derived.We obtain fourteen equilibrium points of the model, out of which six are collinear and rest non-collinear with the centers of the primaries. The position of the equilibrium points are affected by the small perturbation in centrifugal force, length and mass parameters, but there is no impact of small perturbation in Coriolis force on them. In addition, the obtained results are applied to Earth-22 Kalliope-dual satellite system. For this system, we calculate collinear and non-collinear equilibrium points and observed that the number of non-collinear equilibrium points depends on epsilon-2. Furthermore, for a set of values of the parameters epsilon-1 and epsilon-2, we have checked the stability of all the equilibrium points and concluded that all the equilibrium points are found to be unstable. The permissible regions of motion for the Earth-22 Kalliope-dual satellite system are also studied

Outcomes of Aspheric Primaries in Robe’s Circular Restricted Three-body Problem

We consider the Robe’s restricted three-body problem in which the bigger primary is assumed to be a hydrostatic equilibrium figure as an oblate spheroid filled with a homogeneous incompressible fluid, around which a circular motion is described by the second primary, that is a finite straight segment. The aim of this note is to investigate the effect of oblateness and length parameters on the motion of an infinitesimal body that lies inside the bigger primary. The locations of the equilibrium points are approximated by the series expansions and it is found that two collinear equilibrium points lying on the line segment joining the centers of the primaries, exist. The non- collinear equilibrium points lie on a circle and are infinite in number. No out-of-plane equilibrium point exists. Based on the linear stability analysis, it is observed that the collinear equilibrium points can be stable under certain conditions whereas the non-collinear ones are always unstable

Do more online instructional ratings lead to better prediction of instructor quality?

Online instructional ratings are taken by many with a grain of salt. This study analyzes the ability of said ratings to estimate the official (university-administered) instructional ratings of the same respective university instructors. Given self-selection among raters, we further test whether more online ratings of instructors lead to better prediction of official ratings in terms of both R-squared value and root mean squared error. We lastly test and correct for heteroskedastic error terms in the regression analysis to allow for the first robust estimations on the topic. Despite having a starkly different distribution of values, online ratings explain much of the variation in official ratings. This conclusion strengthens, and root mean squared error typically falls, as one considers regression subsets over which instructors have a larger number of online ratings. Though (public) online ratings do not mimic the results of (semi-private) official ratings, they provide a reliable source of information for predicting official ratings. There is strong evidence that this reliability increases in online rating usage. Accessed 6,372 times on https://pareonline.net from February 22, 2011 to December 31, 2019. For downloads from January 1, 2020 forward, please click on the PlumX Metrics link to the right

Stability Analysis of Circular Robe’s R3BP with Finite Straight Segment and Viscosity

In this paper, the effect of viscous force on the linear stability of equilibrium points of the circular Robe’s restricted three-body problem (CRR3BP) with smaller primary as a finite straight segment is studied. The present model comprises of a bigger primary m*1 which is a rigid spherical shell filled with a homogeneous incompressible fluid of density ρ1 and the smaller primary m2 lies outside the shell. The infinitesimal mass m3 is a small solid sphere of density ρ3 moving inside m*1. The pertinent equations of motion of m3 are derived and solved for the equilibrium points. Routh-Hurwitz criterion is used to detect the stability of the obtained equilibrium points. The stability of the collinear equilibrium points has been studied systematically in the different regions for the various values of the parameters involved. These points are found to be conditionally stable, whereas the non-collinear and out-of-plane equilibrium points are always unstable for all the values of the parameters. We observed that viscosity has no effect on the location of equilibrium points. However, its effect along with the length parameter l is evident on the stability of equilibrium points