The Role of IPR in Plant Genetic Engineering

The role and status of Patent laws in the protection of plant species which have been genetically modified is currently uncertain in India. Discussions and debates regarding the same are rife and experts have different views regarding the whole aspect concerning economical and ethical considerations. Genetically engineered plants and modified crop plants are of significant economic value. In India, they face critical challenges, for instance, the requirement of dependable public policies and vigorous frameworks for regulatory control. This becomes much more vital since India desires to be an economic superpower primarily based on innovation. It is very important for a person from the legal field, especially those interested in the field of IPR, to have clarity regarding the protection of genetically modified plants. This humble attempt at a research paper seeks to clarify the same and discusses the various aspects on which one should think while concluding their views on the topic

Bioremediation: the eco-friendly solution to the hazardous problem of environmental pollution

Bioremediation is a technique to enhance natural biological processes to rectify polluted groundwater, soil, and even entire habitats. Bioremediation techniques use biological agents to act upon hazardous, toxic materials and subsequently convert them into less toxic substances.Microbes are organisms ubiquitously present in the biosphere. These microorganisms are the main agents that remediate toxic and polluted environmental conditions. Highly polluted areas can be rectified using proper bioremediation procedures and interventions. In this review we have studied the different bioremediation techniques which can be utilized to correct the harmful effects of environmental pollution. In this study we have also emphasized on the benefits of adopting bioremediation as an efficient alternative technique in comparison to the traditional physical and chemical methods to restore the healthy environmental conditions

Prognostic Impact of Pattern of Mandibular Involvement in Gingivo-Buccal Complex Squamous Cell Carcinomas:Marrow and Mandibular Canal Staging System

PURPOSE: To study the pattern of mandibular involvement and its impact on oncologic outcomes in patients with gingivo-buccal complex squamous cell carcinoma (GBC-SCC) and propose a staging system based on the pattern of bone involvement (MMC: Marrow and mandibular canal staging system) and compare its performance with the 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC8). METHODS: This retrospective observational study included treatment-naïve GBC-SCC patients who underwent preoperative computed tomography (CT) imaging between January 1, 2012, and March 31, 2016, at a tertiary care cancer center. Patients with T4b disease with high infratemporal fossa involvement, maxillary erosion, and follow-up of less than a year were excluded. The chi-square or Fisher’s exact test was used for descriptive analysis. Kaplan–Meier estimate and log-rank test were performed for survival analysis. Multivariate analysis was done using Cox regression analysis after making adjustments for other prognostic factors. p-Value <0.05 was considered as significant. Based upon the survival analysis with different patterns of bone invasion, a new staging system was proposed “MMC: Marrow and mandibular canal staging system”. “Akaike information criterion” (AIC) was used to study the relative fitted model of the various staging (TNM staging—AJCC8) with respect to survival parameters. RESULTS: A total of 1,200 patients were screened; 303 patients were included in the study. On radiology review, mandibular bone was involved in 62% of patients. The pattern of bone involvement was as follows: deep cortical bone erosion (DCBE) in 23%, marrow in 34%, and marrow with the mandibular canal in 43% of patients. Patients with DCBE and no bone involvement (including superficial cortical) had similar survival [disease-free survival (DFS) and locoregional recurrence-free survival (LRRFS)], and this was significantly better than those with marrow with or without mandibular canal involvement (for both DFS and LRRFS). Patients with DCBE were staged using the MMC, and when compared with the AJCC8, the MMC system was better for the prediction of survival outcomes, as AIC values were lower compared with those of the AJCC8. There was a significant association (p = 0.013) between the type of bone involvement and the pattern of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: For GBC-SCC, only marrow with or without mandibular canal involvement is associated with poorer survival outcomes. As compared with the AJCC8, the proposed Mahajan et al. MMC staging system downstages DCBE correlates better with survival outcomes

Evidence of forward–backward correlation of pions in ultra-relativistic ring- and jet-like events in

An investigation on the presence of the forward–backward correlations in the pions multiplicity, emitted in $$^{16}O-Ag/Br$$ interactions at energy $$E_{lab}$$= 60 A GeV are carried out. The study of the forward–backward correlation between various observables which is separated by two different pseudorapidity intervals can be treated as an important probe to defining the primordial conditions for the formation of the Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP). We have observed the dependency of correlation fluctuations and correlation strength on pseudorapidity ($$\eta$$) and the increasing width of the pseudorapidity bin size $$\varDelta \eta$$. The roughness of the multiplicities and the particle number deviations are also investigated. The nuclear photographic emulsion technique has been employed to collect the experimental data. We have performed the FRITIOF and Ultra-relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD) simulations to compare the experimental results with the simulated results. The analysis strongly indicates the presence of forward–backward correlations in the experimental distributions of pions beyond statistical noise. We have also analyzed the ring- and jet-like structure to confirm the presence of the forward–backward correlations in the multiplicities of $$^{16}O-Ag/Br$$ interactions at 60 A GeV. We have also taken the variations of correlation fluctuations and correlation strength in $$\eta$$ and $$\varDelta \eta$$ space, respectively for the ring-like and jet-like structure. The average behavior of correlation parameters of ring-like events strongly differs from jet-like events due to expected Cherenkov Gluon radiation

Bacteriocin production by clinical isolates of ‘Non fermenting Gram negative bacilli’- a ray of hope in the post antibiotic era

Background: Bacteriocins are a kind of ribosomal synthesized antimicrobial peptides produced by bacteria, during their growth, triggered by competition for space and scarce resources. Non fermenting Gram negative bacilli (NFGNB), which have pivotal role in causing health care associated infection (HAI) need to establish themselves in the hospital environment pushing aside existing flora and do so probably by bacteriocin production.Objective:Present study was undertaken to explore bacteriocin production ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii and their range of action on other bacteria.Setting and design: A prospective observational study.Material and methods:Fifty MDR-NFGNB isolates were tested for phenotypic detection of bacteriocin production against commonly encountered indicator hospital strains and control strains following some modification of Gratia and Fredericq’s method.Results: All 27 (100%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, produced bacteriocin active against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, 26(96.2%) and 21(77.7%) acted on Proteus mirabilis and Enterococcus faecalis respectively. Out of 23 Acinetobacter baumannii, 20(86.9%), 15(65.2%), 15(65.2%) and 12(52.1%) produced bacteriocin active against Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Coagulase negative Staphylococcus species (CoNS) and Klebsiella pneumonia respectively. Bacteriocin produced by A baumannii had similar effect on both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.Conclusion: The antibacterial spectra of these bacteriocins raise a hope of using these peptides therapeutically in post-antibiotic era

Prebiotics—Clinical relevance

Prebiotics are dietary substances that mostly consist of non-starch polysaccharides and oligosaccharides that nurture a selected group of microorganisms residing in the human intestine. These components are poorly hydrolyzed by our digestive enzymes. Prebiotics preferentially favour the growth of probiotic organisms like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium that are helpful in gut health maintenance, colitis prevention, cancer inhibition, immunopotentiation, cholesterol removal, reduction of cardiovascular disease, prevention of obesity and constipation. The natural sources of prebiotics are certain fruits and vegetables like asparagus, banana, chicory, garlic, onion, wheat and tomato. Considering increasing market demand of prebiotics, commercial production of them is standardized from wastes of food industries as well as from other sources. Due to their therapeutic support and history of safe use, fructo-oligosaccharides and galacto-oligosaccharides are now widely used for pharmaceutical formulations, combined with probiotics

Prebiotics—Clinical relevance

91-97<span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: " times="" new="" roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";mso-bidi-font-family:="" mangal;mso-ansi-language:en-gb;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:="" hi"="" lang="EN-GB">Prebiotics are dietary substances that mostly consist of non-starch polysaccharides and oligosaccharides that nurture a selected group of microorganisms residing in the human intestine. These components are poorly hydrolyzed by our digestive enzymes. Prebiotics preferentially favour the growth of probiotic organisms like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium that are helpful in gut health maintenance, colitis prevention, cancer inhibition, immunopotentiation, cholesterol removal, reduction of cardiovascular disease, prevention of obesity and constipation. The natural sources of prebiotics are certain fruits and vegetables like asparagus, banana, chicory, garlic, onion, wheat and tomato. Considering increasing market demand of prebiotics, commercial production of them is standardized from wastes of food industries as well as from other sources. Due to their therapeutic support and history of safe use, fructo-oligosaccharides and galacto-oligosaccharides are now widely used for pharmaceutical formulations, combined with probiotics.</span

RAW DATA_Pointing Gesture Experiment-Free-ranging dogs

All data decoded from the videos used for the pointing gesture experiment