Fire Detection and Alarm Using Gaussian Blur Background Subtraction Technique

Fire outbreak is a major issue in oil wells, forests, houses, industries all over the world. The damage caused by these types of accidents is tremendous towards nature and humankind. After these incidents, the need for an application for fire detection has increased. However various fire detection systems use temperature or smoke sensors which takes more response time. Moreover, these systems are expensive and are not widely effective, when the fire is placed far away from the detectors. This led to various alternatives such as computer vision, image processing techniques. One of the cost-effective methods would be the usage of surveillance cameras to detect the fire to inform the relevant parties. The proposed research work suggests a method to use surveillance cameras to monitor the occurrence of fire anywhere within the camera range. In this method, an RGB color pattern and motion detection technologies are used to detect the fire by background subtraction method. The choice capacity of fire-pixels is concluded by the force and immersion of the R part. It has been used that finds the boundary of the moving region in the color segmented image and calculates the number of fire pixels in this area. At that point, a fire identification framework is created dependent on this technique to identify fire effectively to spare life and property from fireperil

RSS Based Energy Efficient Scheme for the Reduction of Overhearing and Rebroadcast for MANET

AbstractIn MANET, reducing the amount of overhearing and rebroadcast based on Received Signal Strength (RSS) value can reduce the energy consumption. A cross layer framework is designed by combining the physical, MAC and network layer. In order to reduce the energy consumption, 802.11 PSM is integrated with DSR. Overhearing in DSR will improve the routing efficiency by expending some amount of energy. The main causes for energy consumption are unconditional overhearing and unnecessary rebroadcast of RREQ to the nodes which are having less Received Signal Strength (RSS). Here, RSS is used to predict the mobility of nodes. The less value of RSS indicates that the nodes are far away from the sender and this may lead to many path breakages. Probability of overhearing reduction (POR) is determined in order to limit the amount of hearing for the unicast packets. The proposed mechanism R-ROR avoids unnecessary overhearing and rebroadcast using cross layer design aiming to achieve energy consumption. Rebroadcast based on the RSS can reduce the number of path breakages, energy consumption and overhead. Simulation results are compared for Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), energy consumption and delay. The analysis shows that R-ROR is energy efficient compared to 802.11, 802.11PSM, ODPM and RandomCast

ROLE OF POLYAMINES IN RETARDATION OF DARK INCUBATION INDUCED ALTERATIONS IN THE PRIMARY PROCESSES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN MAIZE (ZEA MAYS) LEAVES

ABSTRACT: In this investigation an attempt has been made to compare the action of different polyamines such as putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) in delaying the dark incubation induced alterations in primary reactions of photosynthesis in maize plants. Among these polyamines spermine (25µM) is able to provide more protection in terms of loss of chlorophyll (Chl), protein content and regaining of various electron transport activities. In addition to this, these PAs stabilize the thylakoid membranes of 72 h dark incubated samples in valency dependent manner and restore the excitation energy distribution between two photosystems (PS II and PS I)

Management of undescended testes: a comparative study in England and Africa

Objective The aim of our study was to determine the timing of referrals and the outcome of undescended testes (UDT) over a 4-year period in a tertiary centre in England, and to compare this with a similar centre in Nigeria. Background data Cryptorchidism is a recognized cause of infertility and a key risk factor for testicular malignancy. Current recommendations are that orchidopexy be performed between 12 and 18 months of age; however, there is no consensus on this.Materials and methods Data were obtained for orchidopexies performed between 2003 and 2007 from a tertiary referral centre in England. A standardized proforma was used to collect data into an Excel database, which was analysed and compared with data from a similar centre in Nigeria.Results Eighty-eight patients from a tertiary referral centre in England underwent surgery for UDT. Fifty-six (63.6%) patients were referred and 38 (43.2%) patients were operated on within 2 years of age. Doctors and health visitors accounted for 69 (78.5%) referrals to the tertiary centre. Data from Nigeria demonstrated that of the 61 cases, 13 (21%) patients presented and 11 (18%) patients were operated on by 24 months. Referral beyond 60 months of age in the English series was due to ascending testis, whereas in the Nigerian study, the delayed presentation was due to delayed referral from lack of knowledge of the condition.Conclusion In England and Nigeria, there is a lack of definitive guidelines relating to the appropriate age of referral of patients with UDT. A structured care pathway is needed to enable early detection and definitive management

Multi-objective function-based node-disjoint multipath routing for mobile ad hoc networks

Funding Information: This work was supported Korea Environmental Industry & Technology Institute (KEITI) grant funded by the Korea government (Ministry of Environment). Project No. RE202101551, the development of IoT-based technology for collecting and managing Big data on environmental hazards and health effects.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Leaf blight of Azadirachta indica and its management in vitro

Leaf blight, a moderate to severe foliar disease of Azadirachta indica was caused by Colletotrichum dematium and Fusarium solani. Previously F. solani was reported on A. indica but the presence of C. dematium is a new document. F. solani was highly virulent against seedlings of A. indica compared to C. dematium in seeds subjected to top of the paper method. In vitro management of these pathogens using Poison Food Technique suggested that of the seven fungicides tested at 50, 100 and 150 ppm concentrations, 100% growth inhibition was recorded in all the three concentrations of ContafPlus and Tilt against C. dematium whereas in F. solani all the three concentrations of Bavistin inhibited the growth of mycelial colony in the range of 88.54 - 86.32%. However, in both C. dematium and F. solani 50 ppm Blitox showed least inhibition

Phytochemical, physicochemical, TLC, minerals analysis and in-vitro antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of leaves of Heldigardia populifolia

The aim of present study was to investigate the preliminary phytochemical, physicochemical, TLC, minerals analysis and In-vitro antioxidant activity of leaves of ethanolic extract of Heldigardia populifolia. The preliminary phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract showed the presence of triterpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, sterols, steroids, phenols, carbohydrates and saponins. The composition of minerals found in the leaf powder was within the permissible limits. TLC analysis of ethanol extract showed the five spots which indicate the presence of five phytoconstituents. The extractive value of ethanol was high than acetone. Ash values were within the limits. The in-vitro antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract increased with increasing the concentration. The ethanolic extract in all the concentration showed the significant antioxidant activity

A Review on Swarm Intelligence Based Routing Approaches

The principles of bio-inspired or swarm intelligence algorithms can be effectively used to achieve optimal solutions in routing for complex and dynamic wireless sensor networks or body area networks. As the name indicates, it is a field that is inspired by natural living beings like ants, bees, fishes, etc. Studies have proved that the routing protocols based on such bio-inspired methods perform better in terms of energy efficiency, reliability, adaptivity, scalability, and robustness. The general classification of routing protocols is classical-based and swarm-based routing protocols, where both the protocols were specifically categorized as data-centric, location-aware, hierarchical and network flow, and QoS aware protocols. In this paper, an evocative taxonomy and comparison of various swarm-based routing algorithms are presented. A brief discussion about the sensor network design and the major factors that influence the routing is also discussed. The comparative analysis of the selected swarm-based protocols is also done with respect to routing characteristics like query based, route selection, energy efficiency, and path selection. From the review, it is observed that the selection of a routing protocol is application dependent. This paper will be helpful to the researchers as a reference on bio-inspired algorithms for new protocol designs and also for the proper selection of routing protocols according to the type of applications

A Review on Swarm Intelligence Based Routing Approaches

The principles of bio-inspired or swarm intelligence algorithms can be effectively used to achieve optimal solutions in routing for complex and dynamic wireless sensor networks or body area networks. As the name indicates, it is a field that is inspired by natural living beings like ants, bees, fishes, etc. Studies have proved that the routing protocols based on such bio-inspired methods perform better in terms of energy efficiency, reliability, adaptivity, scalability, and robustness. The general classification of routing protocols is classical-based and swarm-based routing protocols, where both the protocols were specifically categorized as data-centric, location-aware, hierarchical and network flow, and QoS aware protocols. In this paper, an evocative taxonomy and comparison of various swarm-based routing algorithms are presented. A brief discussion about the sensor network design and the major factors that influence the routing is also discussed. The comparative analysis of the selected swarm-based protocols is also done with respect to routing characteristics like query based, route selection, energy efficiency, and path selection. From the review, it is observed that the selection of a routing protocol is application dependent. This paper will be helpful to the researchers as a reference on bio-inspired algorithms for new protocol designs and also for the proper selection of routing protocols according to the type of applications

Helping Frontline Workers in Texas-A Framework for Resource Development

First responders disproportionately experience occupational stress when compared to the general population, and COVID-19 has exacerbated this stress. The nature of their duties as law enforcement officers, firefighters, and medics exposes them to repeated trauma, increasing their risk of developing a broad array of mental health issues, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), substance use disorder (SUD), and compassion fatigue. This paper describes the need for resources for frontline workers and provides a framework for creating and implementing resources. A team of interdisciplinary subject matter experts developed two major resources. The first resource was a 24/7 helpline to support first responders and healthcare workers experiencing substance use or mental health concerns. The second resource was the First Responders Educational Campaign, which developed and delivered focused training modules on useful topics covering substance use and mental health concerns as they pertain to this workforce. Utilizing core interprofessional principles, content was sourced from multiple disciplines and contrasting perspectives to provide a comprehensive understanding of mental health and substance use issues. The curriculum was designed so that the content was interdisciplinary, interprofessional, and accessible to audiences across disciplines and professions. After engaging more than 1500 individuals, resources developed here have augmented mental health and substance use support resources available to the target population