Quantitative Determination of Norepinephrine by HPLC in Rodent Urine Sample

Abstract Norepinephrine, a key neurotransmitter that has been linked to a variety of neuropsychiatric diseases. However, there is limited work on employing HPLC-UV to estimate monoamines in biological samples using HPLC-UV method. The present study explores the detection of norepinephrine in rat urine sample, developing a easy, precise validated HPLC method. The o-phosphoric acid (80%):acetonitrile (70:30) combination was used as the mobile phase, and a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min was used to produce the chromatographic separation on a C8 column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 m). The detection was observed at λmax 275 nm with better sensitivity. According to the parameters indicated in the ICH guidelines (Q2A; Q2B), the procedure was verified. The linearity range was selected from 10-35 µg/mL, r2 =0.966, LOD (1.17 µg/mL), LOQ (3.55 µg/mL), ret. time (4 min). The technique has demonstrated that it is repeatable and recoverable within the given range. Thus can be used for routine analysis of norepinephrine in urine samples

Preliminary Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical and Phytochemical Evaluation of Plumeria Obtuse Seed Pods

Plumeria obtuse L. (Apocynaceae) is an ornate outdoor plant. The plant was traditionally used during accidentalinjuries. However, the pharmacognosy of this plant is very poorly explored. Therefore, we have conducted this study to assess the distinctive qualities of the P. obtusa. To investigate P. obtusa seed pods’ preliminary pharmacognostic, physical-chemical, phytochemical, microscopic, and phytoconstituent potential. Initially, the shape and microscopic characteristics of plant seed pods were assessed. Physicochemical analysis was used for the standardization. Utilizing several chemical techniques, phytoconstituents were evaluated qualitatively. This was followed by quantitative estimation and analytical profiling of various phytoconstituents. The basic characteristics of the seed pod have been documented by macroscopy to be its brown color, sweet aroma, bitter flavor, coarse texture, and rough fracture. Microscopy showed the existence of vascular bundles, lignified fibers, calcium oxalate crystals and arteries. The results of the physicochemical analysis revealed no foreign organic matter, 2.8 % weight-average moisture content and a high total ash value of 14.80 compared to an acid insoluble ash value of 0.70, which indicated that there was less inorganic matter in the plant. The extractive values were 3.93, 6.03 and 10.16 % w/w for water soluble, alcohol soluble and hydro-alcoholic soluble extracts respectively. Flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, phenolic constituents, tannins and carbohydrates were found during early phytochemical analysis. Instrumental analysis has given an idea about functional groups present whereas GCMS technique helped in identification of phytoconstituents. The results of this study can be significantly used as a reference support for quality control and standardization of P. obtusa and preparation of a monograph of plant

Development and Validation of Analytical Method for Estimation of Berberine in Herbal Extract of Momordica Dioica

Background:While several anti-diabetic medications have been found to lower blood glucose levels, there are numerous negative effects connected with the use of currently marketed anti-diabetic medications.However, there are medicinal plants with anti-diabetic effects with low or no side effects. Among the Cucurbitaceae family of plants, Momordica dioica is a dioecious climbing herb. It contains many phytoconstituents.One of it is a quaternary ammonium salt of benzyl-isoquinoline alkaloid called as berberine exhibiting a wide variety of pharmaceutical properties.In the current investigation, the activities of berberine for its anti-diabetic potential in the Momorica Dioica plant.The goal of the recent effort is to establish and validate an HPTLC method that is quick, accurate, exact, and specific for determining berberine from herbal extract of Momordica dioica. Methodology/Conclusions/significance: For a quick examination to determine the amount of berberine, a (HPTLC) process was created as well as validated.On HPTLC aluminium plate 60 F254,precoated with silica gel  chromatographic separation was accomplished using the solvents: methanol ,ethyl acetate, toluene and formic acid (2:4:3:0.5). A wavelength of 348 nm was used for detection. Rf was found to be 0.44±5% for berberine. There was linearity for berberine in the 400ng/band concentration range.The LOD and LOQ was found to be0.0096ng/band and 0.0293ng/ band for Berberine.The average berberine recovery rate was (0.041).The method's precision, accuracy, linearity, robustness, and specificity were all authenticated in accordance with ICH guidelines. The discovered approach can be used to regularly analyse Berberine in herbal formulations for quality control

Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Property of Methanolic Extract of Momordica Dioica in Wistar Rat Model

Background: Since current medications frequently cause potentially serious side effects, countless individuals continued to have pain and inflammation despite the accessibility of treatments. Ancient practitioners have used a variety of herbal remedies with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties extensively. Momordica Dioica is one of them, but no experimental research has been done in support of this traditional use.  Objective: The purpose of the research was to assess the analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of methanolic Momordica Dioica fruit extracts. Methods: Dryed by air According to OECD guideline the version eighteen, the fruit of Momordica Dioica is extracted with the solvent methanol as well as an acute oral toxicity study was done for the methanol-based extract of Momordica Dioica. The Active Constituent responsible for the Activity was confirmed by HPTLC method. The hot plate method was employed to assess the analgesic efficacy of centrally mediated analgesia.The ability to reduce inflammation was assessed using a carrageenan-induced paw oedema test. Results: Momordica dioica's methanolic extract inhibits the ceiling result during activity.  The Methanolic Extract of Momordica dioica (MEMD) extract demonstrated a significant (p 0.0001) analgesic effect in the hot plate method at doses of 100mg/kg and in all combinations with standard. Maximum anti-inflammatory effects were seen in carrageenan-induced paw edema starting 2-4 hours after induction, and all tested doses of the extract significantly inhibited the carrageenan-induced inflammation (p 0.0001, p 0.001). The presence of a pentacyclic terpenoid i.e Ursolic acid present in the extract had potential analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity which supports the traditional claim

On the brink of transformation: Clinical research

The research on drug development life cycle and bringing sole new drug to the market is a million dollar question for pharmaceutical organization. Any clinical trial consumes average of 10 to 15 years and USD 1.5-2.0 billion with uncertainty of medications for its effectiveness for human use. Hardly, one out of 10 compounds entering into the clinical trial that reaches to the market rendering a major loss to pharmaceutical or biotech company in case of trial failure. Conversely, with changing time and an increase in the number of medicines approved by regulatory authorities, the regulatory teams are increasing networks for monitoring and assembling adverse event reports from varied sources. This in turn, has increases annual exponential rise in data volumes and the companies are facing a huge challenge in processing it. To meet such challenges, organizations must sharpen their ability to introduce new wearables for clinical trials and provide advanced cognitive solution to handle large and complex datasets. This has summoned concepts like Artificial Intelligence to expedite medical science and clinical trial and pharmacovigilance attain success

In-vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant study of Sansevieria cylindrica Bojer ex. Hook and Plumeria obtusa L. plants using different methods

Background: Sansevieria cylindrica and Plumeria obtusa are used as a medicinal plant during intentional and unintentional accidental injuries. However, limited investigations have been performed to study pharmacological activities of these plants. Objectives: The current study designed at examining in-vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effect of both plant extracts. Material & Method: Initially, the collection and authentication of both the plants performed. Phytochemical screening was done thereafter. Sansevieria cylindrica leaves and Plumeria obtusa seed pods were extracted using a combination of water and ethanol. Anti-inflammatory effect was assessed using membrane stabilization and protein denaturation assays. Anti-oxidant activity was measured by free radicals scavenging method using different reactive oxygen species producing reagents. Results: The dose dependent increase in anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities were reported by both plants. Overall, Sansevieria cylindrica has shown higher rate of prevention of inflammation and oxidation compared to Plumeria obtusa extract. Both plants showed comparable anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity in combination with that of reference drugs. Conclusion: The hydro-alcoholic extracts of Sansevieria cylindrica and Plumeria obtusa individually and also as 1:1 blend might be responsible for an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities.