The well-posedness of the Cauchy problem for self-interacting vector fields

We point out that the initial-value (Cauchy) problem for self-interactingvector fields presents the same well-posedness issues as for first-orderderivative self-interacting scalar fields (often referred to as $k$-essence).For the latter, suitable strategies have been employed in the last few years tosuccessfully evolve the Cauchy problem at the level of the infrared theory,without the need for an explicit ultraviolet completion. We argue that the verysame techniques can also be applied to self-interacting vector fields, avoidinga number of issues and "pathologies" recently found in the literature.<br

La dualidad de Teresa de Jesús y el proyecto de “Jesuitas descalzos”

A duality based on her personality and her project coexisted in Teresa of Jesus. This duality is the origin of the later evolution (and misunderstandings) of the Order of Discalced Carmelite; especially in the male section. From Teresa as a hermit, who is introspective and nostalgic for the primitive Rule, to the active founder woman concerned about the missions and the salvation of souls. Juan de la Cruz would be placed in the wake of the “first Teresa” and Jerónimo Gracián in the “second one”. In this regard, two possible ways of Carmelo lived together in the life of Teresa of Jesus, but much creativity, inner plurality and energy were not available to everyone. The understanding between “the second Teresa” and Jerónimo Gracián, did it not promote a tendency in Discalced Carmelites that we could call “Discalced Jesuits”? In other words: apostolic/missionaries and contemplative/penitents at the same time.En Teresa de Jesús parece coexistir una dualidad personal y de proyecto, que está en el origen de la evolución posterior (y los desencuentros) de la Orden Carmelita Descalza; sobre todo en la rama masculina. Desde la Teresa ermitaña, interior y añorante de la Regla primitiva, a la activa fundadora con preocupación misional y salvación de almas. Juan de la Cruz se situaría en la estela de “la primera Teresa”, y Jerónimo Gracián en la de “la segunda”. En la vida de la propia Teresa de Jesús convivieron dos formas posibles de Carmelo; pero tanta creatividad, pluralidad interior y energía no estaba al alcance de todos. La sintonía entre “la segunda Teresa” y Jerónimo Gracián, ¿no propiciaba una tendencia de los Carmelitas descalzos que pudiéramos denominar de “Jesuitas descalzos”?: es decir, al tiempo apostólico/misioneros y contemplativo/penitentes

Well-posed evolution of field theories with anisotropic scaling: the Lifshitz scalar field in a black hole space-time

Partial differential equations exhibiting an anisotropic scaling between space and time -- such as those of Horava-Lifshitz gravity -- have a dispersive nature. They contain higher-order spatial derivatives, but remain second order in time. This is inconvenient for performing long-time numerical evolutions, as standard explicit schemes fail to maintain convergence unless the time step is chosen to be very small. In this work, we develop an implicit evolution scheme that does not suffer from this drawback, and which is stable and second-order accurate. As a proof of concept, we study the numerical evolution of a Lifshitz scalar field on top of a spherically symmetric black hole space-time. We explore the evolution of a static pulse and an (approximately) ingoing wave-packet for different strengths of the Lorentz-breaking terms, accounting also for the effect of the angular momentum eigenvalue and the resulting effective centrifugal barrier. Our results indicate that the dispersive terms produce a cascade of modes that accumulate in the region in between the Killing and universal horizons, indicating a possible instability of the latter.Comment: 22 pages, 8 figures, 1 table, comments are welcome

Review of concepts in therapeutic decision-making in HER2-negative luminal metastatic breast cancer

Purpose: Hormone receptor (HR)-positive, Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative metastatic breast cancer (MBC) requires a therapeutic approach that takes into account multiple factors, with treatment being based on anti-estrogen hormone therapy (HT). As consensus documents are valuable tools that assist in the decision-making process for establishing clinical strategies and optimize the delivery of health services, this consensus document has been created with the aim of developing recommendations on cretiera for hormone sensitivity and resistance in HER2-negative luminal MBC and facilitating clinical decision-making. Methods: This consensus document was generated using a modification of the RAND/UCLA methodology, which included the definition of the project and identification of issues of interest, a non-exhaustive systematic review of the literature, an analysis and synthesis of the scientific evidence, preparation of recommendations, and external evaluation with a panel of 64 medical oncologists specializing in breast cancer. Results: A Spanish panel of experts reached consensus on 32 of the 32 recommendations/conclusions presented in the first round and were accepted with an approval rate of 100% about definition of metastatic disease not susceptible to local curative treatment, definition of hormone sensitivity and hormone resistance in metastatic luminal disease and therapeutic decision-making. Conclusion: We have developed a consensus document with recommendations on the treatment of patients with HER2-negative luminal MBC that will help to improve therapeutic benefits

Scalar-field Pressure in Induced Gravity with Higgs Potential and Dark Matter

A model of induced gravity with a Higgs potential is investigated in detail in view of the pressure components related to the scalar-field excitations. The physical consequences emerging as an artifact due to the presence of these pressure terms are analysed in terms of the constraints parting from energy density, solar-relativistic effects and galactic dynamics along with the dark matter halos.Comment: 26 pages, 3 figures, Minor revision, Published in JHE

Conversión normalizada (SKOS) de sistemas de organización del conocimiento interoperables en la web

Este estudio examina de forma exhaustiva la literatura científica dedicada a los procesos de skosificación de vocabularios y sistemas de organización del conocimiento. Se analizan en profundidad 49 trabajos que describen y detallan la transformación de un total de 59 vocabularios controlados convencionales o SOC (Sistemas de Organización del Conocimiento) a Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS). Se identifican los puntos clave para hacer el análisis de metodologías de transformación de vocabularios en SKOS para la web y se comparan los estudios para determinar las aproximaciones y parámetros más recomendables para llevar a cabo estos procesos de conversión de vocabularios, cada vez más frecuentes y necesarios en la web semántica y en entornos de linked data (LD). Los resultados señalan que la mayor parte de SOC transformados son tesauros, que los formatos mayoritarios son de texto o registros bibliográficos, que el objetivo más común al cambiar a SKOS es la mejora de la interoperabilidad de los vocabularios, y que los procesos de conversión pueden agruparse mediante tres formas: scripts realizados en distintos lenguajes, transformaciones XSL y lenguajes de mapeo. Se concluye que SKOS es considerado por los autores como una buena opción para mejorar la interoperabilidad de vocabularios controlados. This paper examines exhaustively the scientific literature about skosification processes of vocabularies and knowledge organization systems (KOS). Forty nine documents that describe and detail transformation of 59 conventional controlled vocabularies or KOS to Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) were analyzed. The key points for the analysis of vocabulary transformation methodologies in SKOS for the Web were identified, and studies were compared to determine the most recommendable approximations and parameters, for conversion processes of vocabularies were each time more frequent and necessary in semantic web and linked data (LD) environments. Results indicated that the majority of transformed SOCs are thesauri, that most formats were text or bibliographic records, that the most common objective in the change to SKOS was improvement of interoperability of the vocabularies and that the conversion processes could be grouped by three forms: Scripts made in different languages; XSL transformations, and mapping languages. It was concluded that SKOS is considered by the authors as a good option for improving the interoperability of controlled vocabularies

A Weyl-Dirac Cosmological Model with DM and DE

In the Weyl-Dirac (W-D) framework a spatially closed cosmological model is considered. It is assumed that the space-time of the universe has a chaotic Weylian microstructure but is described on a large scale by Riemannian geometry. Locally fields of the Weyl connection vector act as creators of massive bosons having spin 1. It is suggested that these bosons, called weylons, provide most of the dark matter in the universe. At the beginning the universe is a spherically symmetric geometric entity without matter. Primary matter is created by Dirac's gauge function very close to the beginning. In the early epoch, when the temperature of the universe achieves its maximum, chaotically oriented Weyl vector fields being localized in micro-cells create weylons. In the dust dominated period Dirac's gauge function is giving rise to dark energy, the latter causing the cosmic acceleration at present. This oscillatory universe has an initial radius identical to the Plank length = 1.616 exp (-33) cm, at present the cosmic scale factor is 3.21 exp (28) cm, while its maximum value is 8.54 exp (28) cm. All forms of matter are created by geometrically based functions of the W-D theory.Comment: 25 pages. Submitted to GR

Higgs Scalar-Tensor Theory for Gravity and the Flat Rotation Curves of Spiral Galaxies

The scalar-tensor theory of gravity with the Higgs field as scalar field is presented. For central symmetry it reproduces the empirically measured flat rotation curves of galaxies. We approximate the galaxy by a polytropic gas sphere with the polytropic index $\gamma=2$ and a massive core.Comment: 17 pages, 12 figure

Trajectories of alcohol consumption during life and the risk of developing breast cancer

Background: Whether there are lifetime points of greater sensitivity to the deleterious effects of alcohol intake on the breasts remains inconclusive. Objective: To compare the influence of distinctive trajectories of alcohol consumption throughout a woman’s life on development of breast cancer (BC). Methods: 1278 confirmed invasive BC cases and matched (by age and residence) controls from the Epi-GEICAM study (Spain) were used. The novel group-based trajectory modelling was used to identify different alcohol consumption trajectories throughout women’s lifetime. Results: Four alcohol trajectories were identified. The first comprised women (45%) with low alcohol consumption (<5 g/day) throughout their life. The second included those (33%) who gradually moved from a low alcohol consumption in adolescence to a moderate in adulthood (5 to <15 g/day), never having a high consumption; and oppositely, women in the third trajectory (16%) moved from moderate consumption in adolescence, to a lower consumption in adulthood. Women in the fourth (6%) moved from a moderate alcohol consumption in adolescence to the highest consumption in adulthood (=15 g/day), never having a low alcohol consumption. Comparing with the first trajectory, the fourth doubled BC risk (OR 2.19; 95% CI 1.27, 3.77), followed by the third (OR 1.44; 0.96, 2.16) and ultimately by the second trajectory (OR 1.17; 0.86, 1.58). The magnitude of BC risk was greater in postmenopausal women, especially in those with underweight or normal weight. When alcohol consumption was independently examined at each life stage, =15 g/day of alcohol consumption in adolescence was strongly associated with BC risk followed by consumption in adulthood. Conclusions: The greater the alcohol consumption accumulated throughout life, the greater the risk of BC, especially in postmenopausal women. Alcohol consumption during adolescence may particularly influence BC risk. © 2021, The Author(s)

Dynamical Boson Stars

The idea of stable, localized bundles of energy has strong appeal as a model for particles. In the 1950s John Wheeler envisioned such bundles as smooth configurations of electromagnetic energy that he called {\em geons}, but none were found. Instead, particle-like solutions were found in the late 1960s with the addition of a scalar field, and these were given the name {\em boson stars}. Since then, boson stars find use in a wide variety of models as sources of dark matter, as black hole mimickers, in simple models of binary systems, and as a tool in finding black holes in higher dimensions with only a single killing vector. We discuss important varieties of boson stars, their dynamic properties, and some of their uses, concentrating on recent efforts.Comment: 79 pages, 25 figures, invited review for Living Reviews in Relativity; major revision in 201