Fractional Output Convergence, with an Application to Nine Developed Countries

We argue that cross-country convergence of output per capita should be examined in a fractional-integration time-series context and we propose a new empirical strategy to test it, which is the first one that discriminates between fractional long-run convergence and fractional catching-up. The starting point of the paper is: since there are reasons to believe that aggregate output is fractionally integrated, the usual testing strategy based on unit-root or traditional I(1)-I(0) cointegration techniques is too restrictive and may lead to spurious results. We then propose a new classification of output convergence processes which is valid when outputs are fractionally integrated and which nests the usual definitions built for an I(1)-versus-I(0) world. The new testing strategy, which can identify the precise type of convergence, is based on the combined use of new inferential techniques developed in the fractional integration literature. The advantage of these new techniques is that of being robust both to the presence of a trend and to a memory parameter d above 0.5. We explain in detail the importance of this advantage for testing convergence. This strategy applied on a group of developed countries (G-7, Australia and New Zealand) shows that these countries converged in the last century; it also determines the type of convergence for each one. The main result is that per-capita-output differentials are typically mean-reverting fractionally I(d), with d significantly above 0 but below 1. This contrasts with the results of divergence obtained with six unit-root tests and by other authors with I(1)-I(0) (co)integration techniques. The paper therefore contributes to solve the puzzling negative or inconclusive results about convergence usually obtained with I(1)-I(0) tests; our results also prove that the proposed widening of the statistical definition of output convergence is necessary and that convergence does take place but is slower than traditionally expectedreal convergence, fractional integration, unit roots, non stationarity

Genetic relationships between A20/TNFAIP3, chronic inflammation and autoimrnune disease

A20 [also known as TNFAIP3 (tumour necrosis factor a-induced protein 3)] restricts and terminates inflammatory responses through modulation of the ubiquitination status of central components in NF-kappa B (nuclear factor kappa B), IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor 3) and apoptosis signalling cascades. The phenotype of mice with full or conditional A20 deletion illustrates that A20 expression is essential to prevent chronic inflammation and autoimmune pathology. In addition, polymorphisms within the A20 genomic locus have been associated with multiple inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, including SLE (systemic lupus erythaematosis), RA (rheumatoid arthritis), Crohn's disease and psoriasis. A20 has also been implicated as a tumour suppressor in several subsets of B-cell lymphomas. The present review outlines recent findings that illustrate the effect of A20 defects in disease pathogenesis and summarizes the identified A20 polymorphisms associated with different immunopathologies

La photo de presse: temps, vérité et photogénie (trois modèles de la photo de presse)

Cet article prend le parti de répartir les photographies de presse actuelles en trois modèles organisés selon une diachronie. Il examine ces modèles intitulés modèle iconologique, photographie de présence et photographie spontanée à l’aune de trois critères séminaux, la temporalité, la véridiction et la photogénie, pour valider l’hypothèse selon laquelle trois régimes de croyance se succèdent et s’argumentent dans le temps pour renouveler la photogénie et restaurer la confiance dans l’image.This article offers a taxonomy of contemporary press photography. Three types or models are formulated along a diachronic axis: the iconological model, photography in praesentia and spontaneous photography. These are determined according to three criteria: temporality, truth function and photogénie. The goal of the taxonomy is to validate a hypothesis according to which 3 distinct belief systems have succeeded one another in order to renew photogénie and restore our confidence in the image

Plasticité et signification : le cas d’Eugène Leroy

Si les principales théories de la sémiotique visuelle ont convenu, à côté de l’iconicité, de l’importance du plastique, il reste à trouver les moyens de rendre compte de cette dimension. Les peintures de l’artiste du nord de la France, Eugène Leroy, qui recouvre les figures jusqu’à les faire disparaître dans la matière plastique, sont un possible champ d’investigation pour envisager une prise en compte de cette dimension. Plutôt que sur les « formants » (J.-M. Floch) ou les gestalts (sémiologie topologique), l’analyse s’appuie alors sur le temps de fabrication du tableau.If the main semiotic theories have pointed out the necessity to consider, along with iconicity, the dimension of plasticity, the difficulty is how to deal with that dimension. In his paintings, Eugène Leroy, an artist from the north of France, covers his figures till they disappear in the plastic material and, as such, gives us the opportunity to observe plasticity. In that case, the analysis doesn’t focus on the socalled “ formants ” (J.-M. Floch) or “ gestalts ” (sémiologie topologique) but considers the time used to produce the picture

Crénelage, capiton et métadiscours (où l’image numérique résiste à la ressemblance)

L’auteure observe différentes utilisations du crénelage dans l’image. Loin d’être une défaillance technique, celui-ci témoigne en effet d’une activité métadiscursive signalant la modernité de l’image. Utilisé comme procédé de masquage de l’identité, le crénelage témoigne d’une crise modale complexe.The author attempts to point out several uses of the aliasing in images. It appears that aliasing is not a technical failure but must be considered as a metalanguage showing the modernity of the image. Used as a mask to protect identity, aliasing outlines an intricate crisis of modalities

Le panorama, au bout du parcours

Si le paysage et le panorama sont toujours confondus dans le sens commun, ils constituent deux objets distincts pour la sémiotique visuelle. En effet, le supplément quantitatif (élargissement, mise à distance) accordé au panorama dès la définition du dictionnaire suffit à transformer le rapport à l’énonciation, vouant celui-ci au seul regard, en faisant un « étant donné » dans la perception et lui conférant dès l’abord cette « plénitude volitude » qui s’oppose au parcours de quête du paysage. On s’attachera à distinguer ces deux objets pour montrer que le panorama réclame un renouvellement des pratiques sémiotiques et se prête à la simulation, à la suggestion plutôt qu’à la représentation. La comparaison des deux sémiotiques-objets permet de mieux cerner les conditions de l’esthésie et de faire le lien avec la phénoménologie sur la notion de présence, l’esthésie accomplissant un « excès de la présence ».Considered as a single object in the common sense, landscape and panorama are distinct objects for semiotics. According to the dictionary, the additional quantity attributed to the panorama is enough to transform its relation to enunciation. It devotes it entirely to one’s eye and make of it something which is “ given ”. I will distinguish both objects and seek to show why panorama supposes a now semiotic practice based, instead of representation, on simulation and suggestion. This comparison will allow us to define the conditions of the so-called esthesie and to establish a link with the phenomenological and semiological approaches of presence

Evaluation Sheet - Dialogue Interpreting

This document can be filled and saved from a browser like Chrome. It offers a systematic evaluation method for dialogue interpreting exercises. It can be used for self-evaluation of interpreting recordings, for peer evaluations and/or for grading students' performances

Inflammation and NF-κB signaling in prostate cancer : mechanisms and clinical implications

Prostate cancer is a highly prevalent form of cancer that is usually slow-developing and benign. Due to its high prevalence, it is, however, still the second most common cause of death by cancer in men in the West. The higher prevalence of prostate cancer in the West might be due to elevated inflammation from metabolic syndrome or associated comorbidities. NF-κB activation and many other signals associated with inflammation are known to contribute to prostate cancer malignancy. Inflammatory signals have also been associated with the development of castration resistance and resistance against other androgen depletion strategies, which is a major therapeutic challenge. Here, we review the role of inflammation and its link with androgen signaling in prostate cancer. We further describe the role of NF-κB in prostate cancer cell survival and proliferation, major NF-κB signaling pathways in prostate cancer, and the crosstalk between NF-κB and androgen receptor signaling. Several NF-κB-induced risk factors in prostate cancer and their potential for therapeutic targeting in the clinic are described. A better understanding of the inflammatory mechanisms that control the development of prostate cancer and resistance to androgen-deprivation therapy will eventually lead to novel treatment options for patient