Incorporation of an invasive plant into a native insect herbivore food web

Plant science

Desempenho produtivo da tilápia do nilo em tanques-rede numa represa pública: modelo empírico de classificação Productive development of Nile tilapia raised in net cages at a public reservoir: brief analysis of the empirical model of classification

Nos últimos anos, a piscicultura brasileira em tanques-rede, em águas públicas abertas, tem sido alavancada por incentivos governamentais e privados, e a tilápia do nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) tem sido o principal pescado utilizado. Como forma de melhorar a eficiência de produção, empiricamente, os piscicultores realizam o manejo de classificação e a repicagem das tilápias em engorda, resultando em lotes com diferentes rendimentos e precocidades, num gradiente dos melhores aos piores rendimentos. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o desempenho de engorda de tilápias em um rotineiro sistema de produção em tanques-rede, sendo utilizado o usual modelo empírico de classificação e repicagem em três etapas distintas e tendo por fundamento a separação dos lotes de peixes em classes de tamanho e peso, ao longo do processo de engorda. Os resultados mostraram situações bem distintas. Num extremo, lotes de peixes precoces sendo comercializados após o processo de classificação e repicagem, aos 152 dias de engorda, apresentando taxas crescentes de ganho de peso diário (entre 0,30 e 7,23g dia-1) e de conversão alimentar aparente satisfatória (entre 1,50 e 1,53). No outro extremo, lotes heterogêneos sendo comercializados com 213 dias, taxas de ganho de peso inconstantes (entre 0,94 e 8,24) e elevadas taxas de conversão alimentar aparente (entre 1,54 e 3,03). A partir dos resultados, pode-se destacar a relevância dessa prática empírica de manejo zootécnico em piscicultura, que mostra grandes discrepâncias de rendimentos e precocidades entre os lotes, considerando o tempo de cultivo, o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar aparente. Além disso, recomenda-se, para os lotes heterogêneos destinos, alternativas como a utilização de piscicultura extensiva (sem arraçoamento) para a mitigação dos impactos ambientais negativos inerentes dessa atividade zootécnica.<br>In the past few years Brazilian aquaculture in net cages located at public reservoirs has been increasing due to industry and government efforts. Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) has been the main fish species used in this system. Aiming to increase production efficiency, fish farmers empirically apply classification and grading management of finishing tilapias resulting in groups with different performances and precocity, in a grade basis from the best to worst performances. This study aimed to evaluate growth performance of finishing tilapias raised in a common net cage production system using the usual empirical model of classification and grading in three distinct steps along the finish phase. Results showed two distinct situations: the first with rapid growth groups of fish being marketed at 152 days presenting increasing daily weight gain (between 0.30 and 7.23g day-1) and proper feed conversion ratios (between 1.50 and 1.53); and the second with fish being marketed at 213 days presenting not constant weight gains (between 0.94 and 8.24) and high feed conversion ratios (between 1.54 and 3.03). Based on the results it must be emphasizing the importance of this empirical fish management due to the high variability in the growth performance among fish groups. Nevertheless, the appropriate strategy recommended for the use of heterogeneous groups of fish is the extensive fish farming system, which aims to mitigate the environmental impact caused by the excessive feeding used as the purpose for a high production

Safety and immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine administered in a prime-boost regimen in young and old adults (COV002): a single-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 2/3 trial

Background Older adults (aged ≥70 years) are at increased risk of severe disease and death if they develop COVID-19 and are therefore a priority for immunisation should an efficacious vaccine be developed. Immunogenicity of vaccines is often worse in older adults as a result of immunosenescence. We have reported the immunogenicity of a novel chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored vaccine, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222), in young adults, and now describe the safety and immunogenicity of this vaccine in a wider range of participants, including adults aged 70 years and older. Methods In this report of the phase 2 component of a single-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 2/3 trial (COV002), healthy adults aged 18 years and older were enrolled at two UK clinical research facilities, in an age-escalation manner, into 18–55 years, 56–69 years, and 70 years and older immunogenicity subgroups. Participants were eligible if they did not have severe or uncontrolled medical comorbidities or a high frailty score (if aged ≥65 years). First, participants were recruited to a low-dose cohort, and within each age group, participants were randomly assigned to receive either intramuscular ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (2·2 × 1010 virus particles) or a control vaccine, MenACWY, using block randomisation and stratified by age and dose group and study site, using the following ratios: in the 18–55 years group, 1:1 to either two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or two doses of MenACWY; in the 56–69 years group, 3:1:3:1 to one dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, one dose of MenACWY, two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, or two doses of MenACWY; and in the 70 years and older, 5:1:5:1 to one dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, one dose of MenACWY, two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, or two doses of MenACWY. Prime-booster regimens were given 28 days apart. Participants were then recruited to the standard-dose cohort (3·5–6·5 × 1010 virus particles of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) and the same randomisation procedures were followed, except the 18–55 years group was assigned in a 5:1 ratio to two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or two doses of MenACWY. Participants and investigators, but not staff administering the vaccine, were masked to vaccine allocation. The specific objectives of this report were to assess the safety and humoral and cellular immunogenicity of a single-dose and two-dose schedule in adults older than 55 years. Humoral responses at baseline and after each vaccination until 1 year after the booster were assessed using an in-house standardised ELISA, a multiplex immunoassay, and a live severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) microneutralisation assay (MNA80). Cellular responses were assessed using an ex-vivo IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunospot assay. The coprimary outcomes of the trial were efficacy, as measured by the number of cases of symptomatic, virologically confirmed COVID-19, and safety, as measured by the occurrence of serious adverse events. Analyses were by group allocation in participants who received the vaccine. Here, we report the preliminary findings on safety, reactogenicity, and cellular and humoral immune responses. This study is ongoing and is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04400838, and ISRCTN, 15281137. Findings Between May 30 and Aug 8, 2020, 560 participants were enrolled: 160 aged 18–55 years (100 assigned to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, 60 assigned to MenACWY), 160 aged 56–69 years (120 assigned to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19: 40 assigned to MenACWY), and 240 aged 70 years and older (200 assigned to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19: 40 assigned to MenACWY). Seven participants did not receive the boost dose of their assigned two-dose regimen, one participant received the incorrect vaccine, and three were excluded from immunogenicity analyses due to incorrectly labelled samples. 280 (50%) of 552 analysable participants were female. Local and systemic reactions were more common in participants given ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 than in those given the control vaccine, and similar in nature to those previously reported (injection-site pain, feeling feverish, muscle ache, headache), but were less common in older adults (aged ≥56 years) than younger adults. In those receiving two standard doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, after the prime vaccination local reactions were reported in 43 (88%) of 49 participants in the 18–55 years group, 22 (73%) of 30 in the 56–69 years group, and 30 (61%) of 49 in the 70 years and older group, and systemic reactions in 42 (86%) participants in the 18–55 years group, 23 (77%) in the 56–69 years group, and 32 (65%) in the 70 years and older group. As of Oct 26, 2020, 13 serious adverse events occurred during the study period, none of which were considered to be related to either study vaccine. In participants who received two doses of vaccine, median anti-spike SARS-CoV-2 IgG responses 28 days after the boost dose were similar across the three age cohorts (standard-dose groups: 18–55 years, 20 713 arbitrary units [AU]/mL [IQR 13 898–33 550], n=39; 56–69 years, 16 170 AU/mL [10 233–40 353], n=26; and ≥70 years 17 561 AU/mL [9705–37 796], n=47; p=0·68). Neutralising antibody titres after a boost dose were similar across all age groups (median MNA80 at day 42 in the standard-dose groups: 18–55 years, 193 [IQR 113–238], n=39; 56–69 years, 144 [119–347], n=20; and ≥70 years, 161 [73–323], n=47; p=0·40). By 14 days after the boost dose, 208 (>99%) of 209 boosted participants had neutralising antibody responses. T-cell responses peaked at day 14 after a single standard dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (18–55 years: median 1187 spot-forming cells [SFCs] per million peripheral blood mononuclear cells [IQR 841–2428], n=24; 56–69 years: 797 SFCs [383–1817], n=29; and ≥70 years: 977 SFCs [458–1914], n=48). Interpretation ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 appears to be better tolerated in older adults than in younger adults and has similar immunogenicity across all age groups after a boost dose. Further assessment of the efficacy of this vaccine is warranted in all age groups and individuals with comorbidities. Funding UK Research and Innovation, National Institutes for Health Research (NIHR), Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Thames Valley and South Midlands NIHR Clinical Research Network, and AstraZeneca