Migration from Turkey and the Uncertainty of the Accession of Turkey to the EU

There is a fear that, if Turkey were given admission to the EU, massive migration to the other member countries of the EU would result. This paper develops a theoretical framework for the migration decision that takes into consideration the impact on uncertainty of some of the important economic and social variables that are addressed by the EU membership and institutions. It emphasizes future expectations of living conditions and the level of uncertainty associated with them as a key variable in making migration decisions. It suggests that the more prosperous and stable Turkey is expected to be in the future, the less likely a person will now want to migrate. Hence, the greater certainty now that Turkey will gain admission in to EU, the more attractive is it for potential migrants to remain in Turkey. This framework suggests that measures to hinder Turkey's entry into the EU by having national referendums to approve its entry will increase the uncertainty of the future economic and social prospects in Turkey and will encourage migrants to migrate now to the member countries of the EU.Turkey, Migration, Uncertainty, Accession, European Union

Migration from Turkey and the uncertainty of the accession of Turkey to the EU

There is a fear that if Turkey were given admission to the EU massive migration to the other member countries of the EU would result. This paper develops a theoretical framework for the migration decision that takes into consideration the impact on uncertainty of some of the important economic and social variables that are addressed by the EU membership and institutions. It emphasizes future expectations of living conditions and the level of uncertainty associated with them as a key variable in making migration decisions. It suggests that the more prosperous and stable Turkey is expected to be in the future the less likely a person will now want to migrate. Hence, the greater certainty now that Turkey will gain admission in to EU, the more attractive is it for potential migrants to remain in Turkey. This framework suggests that measures to hinder Turkey's entry into the EU by having national referendums to approve its entry will increase the uncertainty of the future economic and social prospects in Turkey and will encourage migrants to migrate now to the member countries of the EU

AIRBED: a simplified density functional theory model for physisorption on surfaces

Dispersion interactions are commonly included in density functional theory (DFT) calculations through the addition of an empirical correction. In this study, a modification is made to the damping function in DFT-D2 calculations, to describe repulsion at small internuclear distances. The resulting Atomic Interactions Represented By Empirical Dispersion (AIRBED) approach is used to model the physisorption of molecules on surfaces such as graphene and hexagonal boron nitride, where the constituent atoms of the surface are no longer required to be included explicitly in the density functional theory calculation but are represented by a point charge to capture electrostatic effects. It is shown that this model can reproduce the structures predicted by full DFT-D2 calculations to a high degree of accuracy. The significant reduction in computational cost allows much larger systems to be studied, including molecular arrays on surfaces and sandwich complexes involving organic molecules between two surface layers

Molecular random tilings as glasses

We have recently shown [Blunt et al., Science 322, 1077 (2008)] that p-terphenyl-3,5,3',5'-tetracarboxylic acid adsorbed on graphite self-assembles into a two-dimensional rhombus random tiling. This tiling is close to ideal, displaying long range correlations punctuated by sparse localised tiling defects. In this paper we explore the analogy between dynamic arrest in this type of random tilings and that of structural glasses. We show that the structural relaxation of these systems is via the propagation--reaction of tiling defects, giving rise to dynamic heterogeneity. We study the scaling properties of the dynamics, and discuss connections with kinetically constrained models of glasses.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figure

Dynamic scanning probe microscopy of adsorbed molecules on graphite

We have used a combined dynamic scanning tunneling and atomic force microscope to study the organisation of weakly bound adsorbed molecules on a graphite substrate. Specifically we have acquired images of islands of the perylene derivative molecules. These weakly bound molecules may be imaged in dynamic STM, in which the probe is oscillated above the surface. We show that molecular resolution may be readily attained and that a similar mode of imaging may be realised using conventional STM arrangement. We also show, using tunnelling spectroscopy, the presence of an energy gap for the adsorbed molecules confirming a weak molecule-substrate interaction.Comment: 11 pages, 2 figure

Nucleation and early stages of layer-by-layer growth of metal organic frameworks on surfaces

High resolution atomic force microscopy (AFM) is used to resolve the evolution of crystallites of a metal organic framework (HKUST-1) grown on Au(111) using a liquid-phase layer-by-layer methodology. The nucleation and faceting of individual crystallites is followed by repeatedly imaging the same submicron region after each cycle of growth and we find that the growing surface is terminated by {111} facets leading to the formation of pyramidal nanostructures for [100] oriented crystallites, and triangular [111] islands with typical lateral dimensions of tens of nanometres. AFM images reveal that crystallites can grow by 5−10 layers in each cycle. The growth rate depends on crystallographic orientation and the morphology of the gold substrate, and we demonstrate that under these conditions the growth is nanocrystalline with a morphology determined by the minimum energy surface

Anatomic assessment of the left main bifurcation and dynamic bifurcation angles using computed tomography angiography

Background: An understanding of the left main coronary artery (LMCA) anatomy is important for accurate diagnosis and therapy. We aimed to investigate LMCA anatomy via 128-multisliced coronary computed-tomography-angiography (CCTA) in patients with normal LMCA. Materials and methods: A total of 201 CCTA studies were included in this study. Anatomical features of LMCA including cross-sectional areas of the LMCA ostial, LMCA distal, left anterior descending artery (LAD) ostial and left circumflex artery (LCX) ostial, and degree of tapering and LMCA bifurcation angles (BA) in the form of LMCA-LCX BA, LMCA-LAD BA, LAD-LCX BA at end-diastole and end-systole. Results: The mean age was 55 ± 11; 55.7% of patients were males. Right coronary artery was dominant in 173 (86.1%) patients. Mean LMCA length was 10.0 ± 4.5 mm. The mean values of LMCA ostial, LMCA distal, LAD ostial and LCX ostial areas were 18.2 ± 5.1 mm2, 13.2 ± 4.0 mm2, 9.0 ± 3.2 mm2 and 7.6 ± ± 2.8 mm2, respectively. LMCA ostial-distal area, LMCA distal-LAD ostial area and LMCA distal-LCX ostial area ratios were ≥ 1.44 – < 1.69 in 47 (23.4%), 53 (26.4%), 47 (23.4%) patients, respectively, and were ≥ 1.69 – < 1.96 in 19 (9.5%), 24 (11.9%), 40 (19.9%) patients respectively. Systolic motion modifies LMCA BAs; systolic motion begets an increment of LMCA-LAD angle in 72.6% of patients and decrement of LAD-LCX angle in 75.6% of patients. Patients with T-shaped LAD-LCX BA was shown to have significantly longer LMCA, larger LAD ostial area, larger LCX ostial area and higher diastolic-to-systolic range (DSR) of LAD-LCX BA compared to patients with Y-shaped LAD-LCX BA. Conclusions: LMCA with T-shaped distal BA was found to have significantly longer LMCA, larger LAD ostial area, larger LCX ostial area and higher DSR of distal BA compared to patients with Y-shaped distal BA. These findings may provide useful information for LMCA bifurcation stenting or designing dedicated stents for LMCA

Utilization of Educational Module on The Benefits of Cerebral Oximetry to Reduce Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in PACU and ICU

Background: Aging adults are part of the largest group of people receiving surgical interventions and at the highest risk for developing postoperative complications and suffer from cognitive decline, including delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Currently, there is research suggesting a correlation between regional cerebral oxygen saturation and the incidence of POCD. Further investigation is needed to establish a link between intraoperative cerebral hypoperfusion and POCD and to create recommendations on its use. Objective: The focus of this systematic review was to evaluate current research on monitoring cerebral regional oxygen desaturation and the occurrence of POCD in patients over 60 years old enduring cardiac and non-cardiac surgical procedures. This project also assessed if an educational module used to educate anesthesia providers on cerebral oximetry and POCD increased cognitive evaluation frequency in the preoperative and postoperative period in patients at increased risk of developing POCD. Methodology: With the information from the literature review. A pre-test, post-test and educational module was created to assess the knowledge of anesthesia providers. Results: The pre-test and post-test did not demonstrate a significant shift in knowledge regarding cerebral oximetry use when caring for individuals at increased risk for POCD. Discussion: These studies in the systematic review contained several limiting factors, including the limited number of randomized, double-blind studies, and the follow-up period to assess patients for cognitive decline varied with each study. The educational module’s sample size served as a limitation to the acquired results. Conclusion: The educational module improved provider knowledge and attitudes in some areas; however, there was no significant change between the pretest and posttest assessment. Further assessments are required in the future to assess for provider knowledge and skills on utilizing the cerebral oximetry device as a tool to help reduce the incidence of POCD

Fullerenes as adhesive layers for mechanical peeling of metallic, molecular and polymer thin films

We show that thin films of C60 with a thickness ranging from 10 to 100 nm can promote adhesion between a Au thin film deposited on mica and a solution-deposited layer of the elastomer polymethyldisolaxane (PDMS). This molecular adhesion facilitates the removal of the gold film from the mica support by peeling and provides a new approach to template stripping which avoids the use of conventional adhesive layers. The fullerene adhesion layers may also be used to remove organic monolayers and thin films as well as two-dimensional polymers which are pre-formed on the gold surface and have monolayer thickness. Following the removal from the mica support the monolayers may be isolated and transferred to a dielectric surface by etching of the gold thin film, mechanical transfer and removal of the fullerene layer by annealing/dissolution. The use of this molecular adhesive layer provides a new route to transfer polymeric films from metal substrates to other surfaces as we demonstrate for an assembly of covalently-coupled porphyrins