Desarrollar la creatividad desde los contextos educativos: un marco de reflexión sobre la mejora socio-personal

El artículo presenta una reflexión sobre la necesidad de trabajar el desbloqueamiento y estimulación de la creatividad desde el contexto escolar. La propuesta de introducir en el currículum académico el trabajo sistemático con la creatividad la defendemos por dos razones fundamentales: por el enriquecimiento cognitivo y por el desarrollo personal. Ambos aspectos son objetivos que se aúnan en el concepto de educación, ya que ésta supone no sólo transmisión de contenidos, sino también desarrollo personal y social. Aspectos que también son señales de identidad de la creatividad, y por esta clara interrelación entendemos que el trabajo con la creatividad lleva a una mejora educativa. Desde esta perspectiva, la creatividad aporta estrategias de afrontamiento personal, contribuye a la diversificación del pensamiento y a la mejora en las relaciones con los otros. El trabajo que presentamos centrará su interés sobre las estrategias de afrontamiento personal, por ser un tema menos trabajado en las escuelas pero de igual necesidad e importancia que el desarrollo cognitivo. Nuestro trabajo plantea la necesidad de fomentar la creatividad como estrategia de afrontamiento personal desde el concepto de resiliencia; el cual se comprende como un factor central para mantener el equilibrio psicológico ante problemas cotidianos o ante situaciones de grave adversidad, siendo la creatividad un componente protector en la resiliencia (Cyrulnik, 2002; Theis, 2003; Manciaux, 2003). Desde esta perspectiva creemos que la creatividad contribuye a fomentar en los alumnos un equilibrio psicológico que los prepara y fortalece ante situaciones de adversidad, reconstruyéndose positivamente ante éstas

Análisis de la Resiliencia en personas drogodependientes.

Máster Univ. en Interv. y Mediación Fam., Soc. y Comun. Por la Ull y UlpgcLa resiliencia se ha convertido en estos últimos años en un concepto de gran importancia, entendiéndose como la capacidad de salir fortalecido de una adversidad o trauma (Becoña, 2007). El presente trabajo, tiene como objetivo analizar la capacidad resiliente que presentan personas drogodependientes que han abandonado su consumo y que están en proceso de tratamiento, desintoxicación, deshabituación y reinserción social. Se evaluará la importancia que la muestra proporciona a los pilares de la resiliencia estudiados: personales, relacionales y comunitarios. Los participantes de esta investigación son un grupo de 10 usuarios que pertenecen al Centro de Día “Cercado del Marqués” a los que se les ha realizado una entrevista semiestructurada, basada en la “Entrevista de Resiliencia Cuéntame” (García, Martín, & Torbay, 2007). Para la obtención de los resultados se ha realizado: un análisis de categorías, la fiabilidad interjueces y finalmente el análisis de la capacidad resiliente y evaluación de los pilares resilientes. Los resultados muestran que, por un lado el índice de fiabilidad de las categorías elaboradas es alto, y por otro que los usuarios evaluados presentan un nivel alto de resiliencia en todos los factores, exceptuando el factor apoyo de amigos, que presentan un nivel de resiliencia bajo, pues afirman haber generado conocidos con los que frecuentaban o haber abandonado sus amistades, para consumir, no teniendo apoyo actual por parte de ese factor. Se considera importante realizar este tipo de trabajos para conocer si personas con problemas de consumo presentan un nivel de resiliencia alto que les ayude en su tratamiento, de igual forma que les pueda ayudar para recuperar una vida sana y con posibilidad de reinserción social y laboral.In recent years, resilience has become a concept of great importance, understood as the ability to emerge strengthened from adversity or trauma (Becoña, 2007). The purpose of this work is to analyze the resilient capacity of drug addicts who have abandoned their consumption and are in the process of treatment, detoxification, drug cessation and social reintegration. The importance that the sample provides to the 4 resilience pillars studied will be evaluated: personal, relational and community. The participants of this research are a group of 10 users who belong to the “Cercado del Marqués” Day Center who have had a semi-structured interview, based on the “Entrevista de Resiliencia Cuéntame” (García, Martín, & Torbay, 2007). To obtain the results, an analysis of categories, inter-judge reliability and finally the analysis of the resilience and evaluation of the resilient pillars has been carried out. First of all, the results show that the reliability index of the elaborated category is high and to the other hand, the users evaluated have a high level of resilience in all the factors, except for the support factor of friends, who present a low level of resilience in all the factors, because they claim to have generated acquaintances with those who frequented or abandoned their friendships, to consume, having no current support from that factor. It is considered important to perform this type of work to know if people with consumption problems have a high level of resilience that helps them in their treatment, in the same way that it can help them to recover a healthy life and with the possibility of social and working reinsertion

Effect of increasing docosahexaenoic acid content in weaning diets on survival, growth and skeletal anomalies of longfin yellowtail (Seriola rivoliana, Valenciennes 1833)

Five isoproteic (54.8%) and isolipidic (24.1%) microdiets, which varied in their docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content (0.25, 0.75, 1.64, 1.99 and 3.17%; dw), were manufactured to determine its effects on longfin yellowtail Seriola rivoliana larvae in terms of fish biological performance, whole body fatty acid profile and incidence of skeletal anomalies from 30 dah (11.31 ± 1.79 Total Length, TL) to 50 dah (19.80±0.58 mm TL). The inclusion of dietary DHA up to 3.17% (dw) improved larval resistance to air exposure, although DHA did not significantly affect fish final growth or final survival. Indeed, high levels of dietary DHA (1.99% and 3.17%, dw) tended to increase the incidence of skeletal anomalies in S. rivoliana larvae, albeit no significant differences were observed. Furthermore, the occurrence of severe anomalies such as kyphosis and lordosis, was mainly associated to the larvae fed with the highest levels of dietary DHA. In terms of survival, increasing dietary DHA levels did not significantly affect longfin yellowtail survival rate, despite a tendency for enhanced survival. The results of the present study proved that the inclusion of dietary DHA in inert diets up to a 3.17% (dw) and a DHA/EPA ratio above 3.1 increased the final survival and stress resistance in S. rivoliana larvae

Physiological pathways involved in nutritional muscle dystrophy and healing in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae

The potential muscle regeneration after nutritional dystrophy caused by high dietary DHA contents in fish and the physiological pathways involved are still unknown. To better understand this process, an experiment was conducted for 3 weeks in 14 day-old European sea bass larvae using different DHA ratios (1 or 5%). After this period, part of the larvae fed 5% DHA diet was switched to 1% DHA diet ("wash-out") for another 2 weeks. Larvae fed 5% DHA diet showed altered oxidative status as indicated by the highest TBARS values, antioxidant enzymes (AOE) expression and incidence of muscular lesions. Accordingly, "washed-out" larvae showed lower dry weight and α-TOH content. IGF-I gene expression was elevated in 5% DHA larvae at 35 dph, suggesting increased muscle mitogenesis that was corroborated by the increase in myosin heavy chain expression. It can be concluded that high dietary DHA contents alter the oxidative status and cause muscular lesions in European sea bass larvae, with morphological and molecular aspects of mammalians muscular degenerative disease

Distinctive Toll-like receptors gene expression and glial response in different brain regions of natural scrapie

Prion diseases are chronic and fatal neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the accumula-tion of disease-specific prion protein (PrPSc), spongiform changes, neuronal loss, and gliosis. Growing evidence shows that the neuroinflammatory response is a key component of prion diseases and contributes to neurodegeneration. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been proposed as important mediators of innate immune responses triggered in the central nervous system in other human neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. However, little is known about the role of TLRs in prion dis-eases, and their involvement in the neuropathology of natural scrapie has not been studied. We assessed gene expression of ovine TLRs in four anatomically distinct brain regions in natural scrapie-infected sheep and evaluated possible correlations between gene expression and patho-logical hallmarks of prion disease. We observed significant changes in TLR expression in scra-pie-infected sheep that correlate with the degree of spongiosis, PrPSc deposition, and gliosis in each of the regions studied. Remarkably, TLR4 was the only gene upregulated in all regions, re-gardless of the severity of neuropathology. In the hippocampus, we observed milder neuropa-thology associated with a distinct TLR gene expression profile and the presence of a peculiar microglial morphology, called rod microglia, described here for the first time in the brain of scrapie-infected sheep. The concurrence of these features suggests partial neuroprotection of the hippocampus. Finally, comparison of findings in naturally-infected sheep versus an ovinized mouse model (tg338 mice) revealed distinct patterns of TLR gene expression.This research was funded by “Departamento de Ciencia, Universidad y Sociedad del Conocimiento” (Aragon Government) through the project “A05_20R: Enfermedades Priónicas, Vecto- riales y Zoonosis Emergentes”

Nutritional prevention of granulomatosis in meagre larvae

Systemic granulomatosis is the most frequent disease in juvenile and adult meagre, but studies regarding the first appearance of granulomas in larvae do not exist. In order to evaluate this, meagre larvae were fed four different feeding regimes as follows: RS and RO (rotifer enriched with Easy DHA Selco or Ori-Green from 3-30 dph, respectively), RAS and RAO (rotifer enriched with Easy DHA Selco or Ori-Green from 3-21 dph and Artemia enriched with Easy DHA Selco or Ori-Green from 12-30 dph, respectively). All treatments were also fed with commercial microdiet from 20-30 dph. At 30 dph weight, length, specific growth rate and survival was significantly higher in Artemia-fed larvae, regardless of the enrichment. Microscopic first appearance of granulomas was observed in 20 dph larvae fed RS and RO. At 30 dph granulomas and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values were significantly higher in RS and RO-fed larvae than in RAS and RAO-fed larvae. The results showed that granulomas first appeared in meagre larvae at 20 dph when fed rotifers only. Conversely, a reduced appearance of granulomas and lipid peroxidation occurs when Artemia is included in the feeding sequence reinforcing the hypothesis of a nutritional origin of the systemic granulomatosis

Supplementation of vitamin E and C prevent granulomatosis in meagre larvae

Systemic granulomatosis has already been reported in meagre larvae with an adequate feeding protocol and enrichment media preventing its appearance in the first weeks of life. Afterwards, the control of this disease could be prevented through nutritional components of the inert food, being the antioxidants the key to success. For this reason, in the present study, meagre larvae were reared from 30 days post hatching (dph) with five isonitrogenous and isolipidic experimental microdiets with different levels of vitamin E and C: C- (40 mg kg-1 E, 100 mg kg-1 C), C+ (400 mg kg-1 E, 1,000 mg kg-1 C), Krill (400 mg kg-1 E, 1,000 mg kg-1 C and substitution of fish oil by krill oil), EC (200 mg kg-1 E, 500 mg kg-1 C) and EECC (800 mg kg-1 E, 2,000 mg kg-1 C). Prior to this, larvae were co-fed with rotifers and Artemia following a protocol which prevented the appearance of granulomas, as previously demonstrated. The substitution of fish oil by krill oil significantly increased levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 16.6 %) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 17.6 %) in meagre, consequently increasing the peroxidation index, which in turn translated into a higher incidence of granulomas. Although even low levels of vitamin E and C (40 mg kg-1 E, 100 mg kg-1 C; C-) allowed the adequate growth of larvae, these levels were not enough to prevent the appearance of granulomas, requiring superior levels of both antioxidant vitamins (800 mg kg-1 E and 2,000 mg kg-1 C) to mitigate systemic granulomatosis. This mitigation was simultaneous with the reduction of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances TBARs content in larvae, which were highly correlated with the appearance of granulomas (R2=0.892, y=0.0446x+0.0756). A strong negative correlation was observed between the dietary levels of vitamin E (y = -0.0098x + 11.174, R2 = 0.8766, p value = 0.019, r = -0.93) and vitamin C (y = -0.0022x + 6.4777, R2 = 0.9278, p value = 0.003, r = -0.96) and the percentage of larvae with granulomas. The results showed that the occurrence of systemic granulomatosis seems to be associated to the larvae peroxidation status, so that high dietary levels of vitamin E and C (800 and 2,000 mg kg-1, respectively; Diet EECC), reduced lipid peroxidation and completely prevented the appearance of granulomas in meagre larvae at 44 dph