Seasonal variations of the nutritive value and phytotherapeutic potential of Cladium mariscus L. (Pohl.) targeting ruminant’s production

In our endeavor to identify salt-tolerant plants with potential veterinary uses in ruminants' production strategies, we focused on Cladium mariscus L. Pohl (sawgrass), due to its high total phenolic and tannin content, anti-radical properties, and ethnomedicinal uses. Aerial parts were collected along the year in Southern Portugal and evaluated for the nutritional profile and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), aiming for its use as feed. Acetone extracts were appraised for total contents in phenolics (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), and tannins (CTC), as well as the chemical composition by HPLC-DAD and in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, targeting its exploitation as phytotherapeutic products. Sawgrass biomass has a limited nutritive value, due to its high neutral detergent fiber (NDF; 596-690 g kg-1 dry matter (DM)) and acid detergent fiber (ADF; 330-418 g kg-1 DM) contents, low crude protein (51.8-87.3 g kg-1 DM) and IVOMD (172-317 g kg-1 organic matter (OM)). Despite differences among seasons, the mineral profile was adequate. The extracts were rich in TPC (88-112 mg g-1), CTC (115-169 mg g-1), and TFC (18.5-20.2 mg g-1), and displayed significant antioxidant capacity, particularly in summer and autumn, whilst no seasonal influence was detected for anti-inflammatory properties (30% reduction of nitric oxide production). Eleven phenolics were quantified: chlorogenic, ferulic, and syringic acids were the most abundant, especially in the autumn sample. Overall, despite the low nutritional interest, sawgrass extracts hold the potential as a source of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory phenolic compounds.FCT: GreenVet-ALG-01-0145-FEDER-028876/ UIDB/04326/2020/ SFRH/BD/116604/2016/ CEECIND/00425/2017.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Effect of diet on the fatty acid pattern of milk from dairy cows

Copyright © INRA, EDP Sciences, 2004.Twelve dairy cows 130 days in milk were sorted by milk production and body weight and assigned to three feeding regimens in a 3 × 3 Latin-square design, in order to study the effects of diet on milk fatty acid (FA) composition. The cows were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) consisting of corn silage (60%) and concentrate (40%) on dry matter basis, or grazed pasture, without (P) or with 5 kg•d-1 concentrate as a supplement (SP). Supplemented grazing dairy cows produced significantly more milk than the cows on the TMR and P diets (P < 0.05). The supplementation of grazing dairy cows with a low fat concentrate did not significantly affect the milk fat FA profile. The pasture diet, with a supplement or not, decreased the concentration of saturated FA (P < 0.05) and increased the concentration of unsaturated FA (P < 0.05), of milk fat as compared to the TMR diet. The reduction in medium-chain FA was offset in large part by increases in long-chain FA (mainly oleic acid). The concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (P < 0.05) and trans-vaccenic acid were higher (P < 0.05) in the milk fat from the grazing cows. The results showed substantial variation among individual cows within treatments on milk fat content of CLA. Significant correlations were found for individual cow's milk fat CLA content across diets. Overall, this study indicates that the concentration of CLA in milk fat is enhanced by the dietary intake of pasture and that moderate low fat concentrate supplementation of grazing dairy cows increases performance without compromising the FA profile of milk fat

The effects of supplementation with sunflower and soybean oils on the fatty acid profile of milk fat from grazing dairy cows

Copyright © INRA, EDP Sciences, 2005.The objective of this study was to observe the effect of supplementation with vegetable oils (VO) on the fatty acid profiles and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of milk fat. Twelve dairy cows in mid lactation fed on pasture were blocked by body weight, milk production and days in lactation and randomly allocated from blocks to 3 treatments repeated in a Latin square design with periods of 28 day duration. The treatments were as follows: cows on pasture supplemented with 5 kg concentrate per head per day (C), supplemented with 4.5 kg concentrate + 0.5 kg sunflower oil per head per day (SFO) and supplemented with 4.5 kg concentrate + 0.5 kg soybean oil per head per day (SBO). The animals were grazed as a group and were stocked at 2.5 heads per hectare. The treatments had no effect on milk yield or protein yield and content, but decreased milk fat yield and content (P < 0.05). Milk fat from the cows supplemented with VO had a lower concentration of short and medium chain fatty acids (P < 0.05) and a higher concentration of long chain fatty acids (P < 0.05). The addition of VO to the diet also resulted in a reduction in saturated and an increase in unsaturated fatty acids of milk fat (P < 0.05). The hypercholesterolemic fatty acids in milk fat (i.e. C12:0, C14:0 and C16:0) decreased while the concentration of oleic and linoleic acids increased with VO (P < 0.05). There was no effect on linolenic acid. Finally, the inclusion of VO in the diet increased (P < 0.05) the contents in milk fat of the various cis/trans isomers of oleic acid (including trans-vacenic, TVA) and of CLA which increased by 61%

Effects of grass silage and soybean meal supplementation on milk production and milk fatty acid profiles of grazing dairy cows

Copyright © American Dairy Science Association, 2008.The effects of supplementation with grass silage and replacement of some corn in the concentrate with soybean meal (SBM) on milk production, and milk fatty acid (FA) profiles were evaluated in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square study using 16 dairy cows grazing pasture composed of ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and white clover. Each experimental period lasted for 3 wk. The 4 dietary treatments were PC, 20 h of access to grazing pasture, supplemented with 6 kg/d of corn-based concentrate mixture (96% corn; C); PCSB, 20 h of access to grazing pasture, supplemented with 6 kg/d of corn- and SBM-based concentrate mixture (78% corn and 18% SBM; CSB); SC, 7 h of access to grazing pasture during the day and 13 h of ad libitum access to grass silage at night, supplemented with 6 kg/d of C concentrate; and SCSB, 7 h of access to grazing pasture during the day and 13 h of ad libitum access to grass silage at night, supplemented with 6 kg/d of CSB concentrate. The concentrate mixtures were offered twice each day in the milking parlor and were consumed completely. Grass silage supplementation reduced dietary crude protein and concentration of total sugars, and dietary SBM inclusion increased dietary crude protein concentration and decreased dietary starch concentration. Milk yield and energy-corrected milk were increased by SBM supplementation of cows with access to grass silage. Milk protein concentration was lower in cows offered grass silage, regardless of whether SBM was fed. Dietary SBM inclusion tended to increase milk fat concentration. Plasma urea N was reduced by silage feeding and increased by SBM supplementation. Supplementation with grass silage overnight could represent a useful strategy for periods of lower pasture availability. Dietary inclusion of SBM in solely grazing cows had no effects on milk production and composition, exacerbated the inefficient capture of dietary N, and increased diet cost. Grass silage supplementation affected milk FA profiles, increasing both the FA derived from de novo synthesis and those derived from rumen microbial biomass, and decreasing the sum of C18 FA (mostly derived from diet or from mobilization of adipose tissue reserves). Milk fat concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid cis-9, trans-11, vaccenic acid (18:1 trans-11), and linolenic acid (18:3n-3) were unaffected by grass silage supplementation, suggesting that partial replacement of pasture by unwilted grass silage does not compromise the dietary quality of milk fat for humans

Detailed dimethylacetal and fatty acid composition of rumen content from lambs fed lucerne or concentrate supplemented with soybean oil

Articles in International JournalsLipid metabolism in the rumen is responsible for the complex fatty acid profile of rumen outflow compared with the dietary fatty acid composition, contributing to the lipid profile of ruminant products. A method for the detailed dimethylacetal and fatty acid analysis of rumen contents was developed and applied to rumen content collected from lambs fed lucerne or concentrate based diets supplemented with soybean oil. The methodological approach developed consisted on a basic/ acid direct transesterification followed by thin-layer chromatography to isolate fatty acid methyl esters from dimethylacetal, oxo- fatty acid and fatty acid dimethylesters. The dimethylacetal composition was quite similar to the fatty acid composition, presenting even-, odd- and branched-chain structures. Total and individual odd- and branched-chain dimethylacetals were mostly affected by basal diet. The presence of 18:1 dimethylacetals indicates that biohydrogenation intermediates might be incorporated in structural microbial lipids. Moreover, medium-chain fatty acid dimethylesters were identified for the first time in the rumen content despite their concentration being relatively low. The fatty acids containing 18 carbon-chain lengths comprise the majority of the fatty acids present in the rumen content, most of them being biohydrogenation intermediates of 18:2n26 and 18:3n23. Additionally, three oxo- fatty acids were identified in rumen samples, and 16-O-18:0 might be produced during biohydrogenation of the 18:3n23

Gamma irradiation effect on fatty acid composition and conjugated linoleic acid isomers of lamb meat

Comunicação Oral. Congresso Nacional. Instituto Politécnico de Beja, Escola Superior Agrária de BejaThe perception of quality and "healththiness" of food has become the most important factor for decision. ln meat, this aspect is largely related to its fat content and fatty acid composition. Some meat fatty acids play important roles in metabolism and human health. Recent interest in a minor group of fatty acids that are characteristic of ruminant fat, named conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), is also of great nutritional and bíological consideration. One of the major concerns with the existing technologies for food preservation, including irradiation, is that these processes may enhance lipid oxidation and thereby affect meat qualíty . There are attempts to enforce irradition not only for food safety, but also for technological purposes. Even though irradiation is a prospective technology, its application causes physical-chemical and biochemical changes, that may affect nutritional value and sensory characteristics of irradiated food . The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of gamma irradiation on fatty acid composition and contents of CLA isomers in frosen lamb meat. The major fatty acids were 18:1c9 as monounsaturated, 16:0 and 18:0 as saturated and 18:2n-6 as polyunsaturated fatty acids. No significant differences were observed in fatty acid composition between non-irradiated and irradiated meat samples. The CLA isomeric distribution showed a clear predominance of the c9,t11,c13.18:2 (10.3 and 10.1%) and t7,c9-18:2 (2.91 and 2.94%). It was found that the irradiation treatment, in contrast to the percentages of partial sums of CLA isomers (trans, trans, cis/trans and cis, cis), which showed significant differences (p<0.001), had no effect on the relative proportions of individual CLA isomers (except for the minor t11,t13.18:2 and t9,t11-18:2). In addition, and regarding the health-promoting CLA isomers (c9t11-18:2 and t10c12-18:2), the irradiation process does not negatively alter the composition and nutritional value of lamb meatAGRO/2003/512, CIISA/2002/5

Effect of diet on the fatty acid pattern of milk from dairy cows

Copyright © INRA, EDP Sciences, 2004.Twelve dairy cows 130 days in milk were sorted by milk production and body weight and assigned to three feeding regimens in a 3 × 3 Latin-square design, in order to study the effects of diet on milk fatty acid (FA) composition. The cows were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) consisting of corn silage (60%) and concentrate (40%) on dry matter basis, or grazed pasture, without (P) or with 5 kg•d-1 concentrate as a supplement (SP). Supplemented grazing dairy cows produced significantly more milk than the cows on the TMR and P diets (P < 0.05). The supplementation of grazing dairy cows with a low fat concentrate did not significantly affect the milk fat FA profile. The pasture diet, with a supplement or not, decreased the concentration of saturated FA (P < 0.05) and increased the concentration of unsaturated FA (P < 0.05), of milk fat as compared to the TMR diet. The reduction in medium-chain FA was offset in large part by increases in long-chain FA (mainly oleic acid). The concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (P < 0.05) and trans-vaccenic acid were higher (P < 0.05) in the milk fat from the grazing cows. The results showed substantial variation among individual cows within treatments on milk fat content of CLA. Significant correlations were found for individual cow's milk fat CLA content across diets. Overall, this study indicates that the concentration of CLA in milk fat is enhanced by the dietary intake of pasture and that moderate low fat concentrate supplementation of grazing dairy cows increases performance without compromising the FA profile of milk fat

Influence of dietary fish oil on conjugated linoleic acid, omega-3 and other fatty acids in milk fat from grazing dairy cows

Copyright © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with fish oil on fatty acid (FA) composition of milk fat from grazing dairy cows with particular emphasis on omega-3 and conjugated linoleic acid. Twelve dairy cows in mid-lactation were blocked by live weight, days in lactation and milk production and randomly assigned to the experimental groups corresponding to 3 different feeding regimens which were applied 3 times with 28-day duration according to a Latin square design. Cows were stocked at 2.5 heads per hectare and supplemented with 4 kg concentrate/cow/day (C), concentrate mixed with 160 g sardine oil (LFO) and concentrate mixed with 320 g sardine oil (HFO). Supplementation with fish oil (FO) resulted in a significant (P<0.05) decrease in milk production and milk fat content and production. Supplementation with 320 g FO decreased (P<0.05) milk protein content and production. The ratio protein/fat in milk increased with the level of FO supplemented (P<0.05). Significant correlations were detected between some FA in milk fat and milk fat content. FO supplementation had no effect on concentration of medium chain FA but originated a decrease (P<0.05) in concentration of short and long chain FA in milk fat. The sum of saturated FA decreased (P<0.05) with the inclusion of FO in diet while the sum of unsaturated FA remains unchanged. Proportions of stearic and oleic FA in milk fat decreased and trans-vaccenic FA increase with FO supplementation (P<0.05). Milk fat concentration of polyunsaturated n-3 FA was higher in treatment HFO. Concentration of very long chain omega FA in milk fat (i.e. C20:5-EPA e C22:6-DHA) increased by 2.7-fold with 160 g FO and by 5- to 7-fold with 320 g FO. However, the level of transfer efficiency of these FA from FO to milk fat was only 3.3% in treatment LFO and 4.0% in treatment HFO. CLA concentrations in milk fat were particularly high in this experiment and increased with the level of FO supplementation (P<0.05)

Carcass fat partitioning and meat quality of Alentejana and Barrosã young bulls fed high or low maize silage diets

Articles in International JournalsThis study assessed the effect of breed and diet on carcass composition, particularly fat partitioning, and meat quality in young bulls. An experiment with forty young bulls from two phylogenetically distant Portuguese bovine breeds, Alentejana and Barrosã, fed two diets with different maize silage to concentrate ratios, but isoenergetic and isonitrogenous, was carried out until the animals reached 18 months of age. In the longissimus lumborum muscle, Barrosã bulls fed the low silage diet had the highest intramuscular fat (IMF) content. Bulls fed the low silage diet also had the highest IMF content in the semitendinosus muscle. Diet determined the proportions of total visceral fat and individual fat depots. Under these experimental conditions, it was shown that the genetic background is a major determinant of carcass composition and meat quality, and that the dietary differences studied had limited effect on carcass composition

Partial GLC-FID chromatogram (from 16.0 to 39.5 min) of a rumen sample from animals fed lucerne, without TLC fractionation (in the top) and after TLC separation into FAME (in the middle) and DMA fractions (in the bottom).

<p>*means unidentified compounds.</p