Perceptions et pratiques à risque face au Covid-19 dans les milieux de coiffure et de tresse des femmes à Abidjan

Covid-19 is a disease that affects people from all walks of life, especially high-traffic areas. This is a concern for the world given the complexity of its control due to the resistance of the populations in the face of barrier measures. This text aims to analyze the perceptions and social practices at risk in the face of Covid-19 in women's hairstyles and braids in Abidjan. It is a mixed study (qualitative and quantitative) which mobilized a questionnaire administered to 90 women, an interview guide which made it possible to carry out interviews with 15 people and an observation grid. The results showed a multiplicity of interpretations of Covid-19, an increased risk of transmission and spread of this scourge in these environments and the use of local practices in the face of this disease. Also, the study reveals that the fight against Covid-19 can impact social relations within communities. This can influence the fight against this pandemic in Côte d'Ivoire.Le Covid-19 est une maladie qui affecte les populations de tous les milieux de la société, notamment les zones de grande affluence. C’est une préoccupation pour le monde vu la complexité de sa maitrise due aux résistances des populations face aux mesures barrières. Ce texte a pour objectif d’analyser les perceptions et pratiques sociales à risque face au Covid-19 dans les milieux de coiffures et de tresses de femmes à Abidjan. C’est une étude mixte (qualitative et quantitative) qui a mobilisé un questionnaire administré à 90 femmes, un guide d’entretien qui a permis de faire des interviews avec 15 personnes et une grille d’observation. Les résultats ont montré une multiplicité des interprétations du Covid-19, un risque accru de transmission et de propagation de ce fléau dans ces milieux et un usage de pratiques locales face à cette maladie. Également, l’étude révèle que la lutte contre le Covid-19 peut avoir un impact sur les relations sociales au sein des communautés. Ainsi, le non-respect des mesures barrières lié aux normes sociales peut-il influencer négativement la lutte contre cette pandémie en Côte d’Ivoire

Perceptions et pratiques à risque face au Covid-19 dans les milieux de coiffure et de tresse des femmes à Abidjan

Covid-19 is a disease that affects people from all walks of life, especially high-traffic areas. This is a concern for the world given the complexity of its control due to the resistance of the populations in the face of barrier measures. This text aims to analyze the perceptions and social practices at risk in the face of Covid-19 in women's hairstyles and braids in Abidjan. It is a mixed study (qualitative and quantitative) which mobilized a questionnaire administered to 90 women, an interview guide which made it possible to carry out interviews with 15 people and an observation grid. The results showed a multiplicity of interpretations of Covid-19, an increased risk of transmission and spread of this scourge in these environments and the use of local practices in the face of this disease. Also, the study reveals that the fight against Covid-19 can impact social relations within communities. This can influence the fight against this pandemic in Côte d'Ivoire.Le Covid-19 est une maladie qui affecte les populations de tous les milieux de la société, notamment les zones de grande affluence. C’est une préoccupation pour le monde vu la complexité de sa maitrise due aux résistances des populations face aux mesures barrières. Ce texte a pour objectif d’analyser les perceptions et pratiques sociales à risque face au Covid-19 dans les milieux de coiffures et de tresses de femmes à Abidjan. C’est une étude mixte (qualitative et quantitative) qui a mobilisé un questionnaire administré à 90 femmes, un guide d’entretien qui a permis de faire des interviews avec 15 personnes et une grille d’observation. Les résultats ont montré une multiplicité des interprétations du Covid-19, un risque accru de transmission et de propagation de ce fléau dans ces milieux et un usage de pratiques locales face à cette maladie. Également, l’étude révèle que la lutte contre le Covid-19 peut avoir un impact sur les relations sociales au sein des communautés. Ainsi, le non-respect des mesures barrières lié aux normes sociales peut-il influencer négativement la lutte contre cette pandémie en Côte d’Ivoire

Safety of a fixed-dose combination of artesunate and amodiaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in real-life conditions of use in Côte d’Ivoire

Additional file 2. Adverse-event reporting as a function of the interval between treatment initiation and the home visit

Evaluation of Malaria Urban Risk Using an Immuno-Epidemiological Biomarker of Human Exposure to Anopheles Bites

International audienceUrban malaria is an underestimated serious health concern in African countries. This study aimed to evaluate the risk of malaria transmission in an urban area by evaluating the level of human exposure to Anopheles bites using an Anopheles salivary biomarker (gambiae Salivary Gland Protein-6 peptide 1 [gSG6-P1] peptide). Two multidisciplinary cross-sectional studies were undertaken in five sites of Bouaké city (three urban districts and two surrounding villages, used as control; Côte d’Ivoire) during the rainy season and the dry season. Blood samples were obtained from children 6 months to 14 years of age for immunological tests. The level of anti-gSG6-P1 immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies was significantly higher in the rainy season than the dry season in both urban and rural sites (P < 0.0001). Interestingly, children with the highest anti-gSG6-P1 IgG responses in the rainy season were infected by Plasmodium falciparum. Surprisingly, no difference of anti-gSG6-P1 IgG level was observed between urban and rural areas, for either season. The current data suggest that children in the urban city of Bouaké could be as highly exposed to Anopheles bites as children living in surrounding villages. The immunological biomarker of human exposure to Anopheles bites may be used to accurately assess the potential risk of malaria transmission in African urban settings

Exploring the heterogeneity of human exposure to malaria vectors in an urban setting, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire, using an immuno-epidemiological biomarker

Abstract Background In some African cities, urban malaria is a threat to the health and welfare of city dwellers. To improve the control of the disease, it is critical to identify neighbourhoods where the risk of malaria transmission is the highest. This study aims to evaluate the heterogeneity of malaria transmission risk in one city (Bouaké) in a West African country (Côte d’Ivoire) that presents several levels of urbanization. Methods Two cross-sectional studies were conducted in three neighbourhoods (Dar-es-Salam, Kennedy and N’gattakro) in Bouaké during both the rainy and dry seasons. Data on insecticide-treated net (ITN) use and blood samples were collected from children aged between 6 months and 15 years to determine the parasite density and the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum and the level of IgG against the Anopheles gSG6-P1 salivary peptide, used as the biomarker of Anopheles bite exposure. Results The specific IgG levels to the gSG6-P1 salivary peptide in the rainy season were significantly higher compared to the dry season in all neighbourhoods studied (all p < 0.001). Interestingly, these specific IgG levels did not differ between neighbourhoods during the rainy season, whereas significant differences in IgG level were observed in the dry season (p = 0.034). ITN use could be a major factor of variation in the specific IgG level. Nevertheless, no difference in specific IgG levels to the gSG6-P1 salivary peptide was observed between children who declared “always” versus “never” sleeping under an ITN in each neighbourhood. In addition, the prevalence of P. falciparum in the whole population and immune responders was significantly different between neighbourhoods in each season (p < 0.0001). Conclusion This study highlights the high risk of malaria exposure in African urban settings and the high heterogeneity of child exposure to the Anopheles vector between neighbourhoods in the same city. The Anopheles gSG6-P1 salivary peptide could be a suitable biomarker to accurately and quantitatively assess the risk of malaria transmission in urban areas

Pattern of antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum antigens in individuals differentially exposed to Anopheles bites

International audienceBackground : In malaria-endemic areas, human populations are frequently exposed to immunomodulatory salivary components injected during mosquito blood feeding. The consequences on pathogen-specific immune responses are not well known. This study evaluated and compared the humoral responses specific to merozoite stage vaccine candidates of Plasmodium falciparum, in children differentially exposed to Anopheles bites in a natural setting.Methods : The cross-sectional study was carried out in Bouaké (Côte d’Ivoire) where entomological data and blood samples from children (0–14 years) were collected in two sites with similar malaria prevalence. Antibody (IgG, IgG1, IgG3) responses to PfAMA1 and PfMSP1 were evaluated by ELISA. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed to assess the relationship between the immune responses to P. falciparum antigens and exposure to Anopheles bites in the total cohort and in each site, separately. The individual level of exposure to Anopheles bites was evaluated by quantifying specific IgG response to the Anopheles gSG6-P1 salivary peptide, which represents a proxy of Anophelesexposure.Results : The anti-Plasmodium humoral responses were different according to the level of exposure of children, with those highly exposed to Anopheles presenting significantly lower antibody responses to PfMSP1 in total popula-tion (IgG and IgG3) and in Petessou village (IgG, IgG1, IgG3). No significant difference was seen for PfAMA1 antigen between children differently exposed to Anopheles. In Dar-es-Salam, a neighbourhood where a high Culex density was reported, children presented very low antibody levels specific to both antigens, and no difference according to the exposure to Anopheles bites was found.Conclusion : These findings may suggest that immunomodulatory components of Anopheles saliva, in addition to other factors, may participate to the modulation of the humoral response specific to Plasmodium merozoite stage antigens. This epidemiological observation may form a starting point for additional work to decipher the role of mos-quito saliva on the modulation of the anti-Plasmodium acquired immunity and clinical protection in combining both field and ex vivo immunological studies

Impact of sunlight exposure on the residual efficacy of biolarvicides Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus against the main malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae

Abstract Background Biotic and abiotic factors have been reported to affect the larvicidal efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) and Bacillus sphaericus (Bs), although the extent to which they are affected has been poorly documented. This paper studies the effect of sunlight exposure on the efficacy of a new larvicide formulation based on both Bti and Bs, herein after referred to as BTBSWAX, applied against two different larval stages. Methods The emergence of inhibition exhibited by BTBSWAX at three different dosages (1 g/m2, 1.5 g/m2, and 2 g/m2) was monitored under semi-field conditions using a total of 32 containers comprising 16 that were covered and 16 that were uncovered. Two experiments were conducted using first- and second-instar larvae of Anopheles gambiae, respectively. Results BTBSWAX at 2 g/m2 in covered containers exhibited high emergence inhibition (> 80%) when larvae were exposed from 1st instar on day-6 post-treatment, whereas the emergence inhibition was only 28% in uncovered containers. For larvae exposed from 1st instar on day-12 post-treatment, the emergence inhibition was moderate (70%) in covered containers but was low (< 20%) in uncovered containers. For larvae exposed from 2nd instar on day-10 post-treatment, the emergence inhibition was moderate (31%) in covered containers but was very low (< 10%) in uncovered containers. Moreover, the residual efficacy of BTBSWAX was markedly affected by environmental stresses, including sunlight exposure (Hazard ratio (HR) = 0.12, p < 0.001 and HR = 0.63, p = 0.033 for BTBSWAX at 2 g/m2 against 1st and 2nd instar larvae, respectively). Conclusion These findings emphasize the impact of environmental variables (e.g., sunlight exposure) on the residual efficacy of Bti and Bs biolarvicides in the field. They hence highlight the need to take these factors into account for larvicide formulation development processes. Moreover, studies of the ecology of Anopheles larvae in targeted areas are also crucial for the integration of larval control strategies into malaria transmission plans devised by national malaria control programmes of endemic countries

Anopheles bionomics, insecticide resistance mechanisms, and malaria transmission in the Korhogo area, northern Côte d’Ivoire: a pre-intervention study

International audienceA better understanding of malaria transmission at a local scale is essential for developing and implementing effective control strategies. In the framework of a randomized controlled trial (RCT), we aimed to provide an updated description of malaria transmission in the Korhogo area, northern Côte d'Ivoire, and to obtain baseline data for the trial. We performed human landing collections (HLCs) in 26 villages in the Korhogo area during the rainy season (September-October 2016, April-May 2017) and the dry season (November-December 2016, February-March 2017). We used PCR techniques to ascertain the species of the Anopheles gambiae complex, Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite infection, and insecticide resistance mechanisms in a subset of Anopheles vectors. Anopheles gambiae s.l. was the predominant malaria vector in the Korhogo area. Overall, more vectors were collected outdoors than indoors (p < 0.001). Of the 774 An. gambiae s.l. tested in the laboratory, 89.65% were An. gambiae s.s. and 10.35% were An. coluzzii. The frequencies of the kdr allele were very high in An. gambiae s.s. but the ace-1 allele was found at moderate frequencies. An unprotected individual living in the Korhogo area received an average of 9.04, 0.63, 0.06 and 0.12 infected bites per night in September-October, November-December, February-March, and April-May, respectively. These results demonstrate that the intensity of malaria transmission is extremely high in the Korhogo area, especially during the rainy season. Malaria control in highly endemic areas such as Korhogo needs to be strengthened with complementary tools in order to reduce the burden of the disease.Une meilleure connaissance de la transmission du paludisme à l’échelle locale est essentielle pour élaborer et mettre en œuvre des stratégies de lutte efficaces. Dans le cadre d’un essai contrôlé randomisé, nous avons pour objectifs de fournir une description actualisée de la transmission du paludisme dans la zone de Korhogo, au nord de la Côte d’Ivoire, et de collecter les données de base pour l’essai. Nous avons capturé les moustiques sur des volontaires humains dans 26 villages de la zone de Korhogo pendant la saison pluvieuse (septembre–octobre 2016, avril–mai 2017) et la saison sèche (novembre–décembre 2016, février–mars 2017). À l’aide des techniques de PCR, nous avons déterminé les espèces au sein du complexe Anopheles gambiae, les infections par Plasmodium falciparum au stade sporozoïte et les mécanismes de résistance aux insecticides dans un sous-échantillon d’anophèles vecteurs. Anopheles gambiae s.l. est de loin le vecteur majoritaire du paludisme dans la zone de Korhogo. Au total, plus de vecteurs ont été collectés à l’extérieur des habitations qu’à l’intérieur (p < 0.001). Des 774 An. gambiae s.l. analysés au laboratoire, 89,65 % étaient An. gambiae s.s. et 10,35 % An. coluzzii. Les fréquences alléliques du gène kdr étaient très élevées chez An. gambiae s.s. alors que les fréquences alléliques du gène ace-1 étaient modérées. Une personne non protégée vivant à Korhogo reçoit chaque nuit en moyenne 9,04 piqûres infectantes (pi) en septembre–octobre, 0,63 pi en novembre–décembre, 0,06 pi en février-mars et 0,12 pi en avril–mai. Ces résultats démontrent que l’intensité de la transmission du paludisme est très élevée dans la zone de Korhogo, particulièrement en saison pluvieuse. La lutte contre le paludisme dans les zones de forte endémicité comme Korhogo doit être renforcée par des outils complémentaires afin de réduire le fardeau de la maladie

Anopheles bionomics, insecticide resistance and malaria transmission in southwest Burkina Faso: A pre-intervention study

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