Développement d'une méthode innovante pour la génération sécurisée de cellules souches pluripotentes induites par transfert de protéines

Like embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) are characterized by their ability to differentiate into any cell type in an organism. However their use doesn't raise the ethical issue linked to the use of embryos. iPS are generated from somatic cells by overexpression of embryonic transcription factors. iPS are thereby very promising in fundamental and applied biology as well as for regenerative medicine.Most of the protocols used to generate iPS are based on the delivery of nucleic acid sequences encoding embryonic transcription factors responsible for the activation of the pluripotency gene network. In spite of their efficiency, these methods are associated with major safety concerns incompatible with clinical applications. The more rational path to safely produce iPS is to deliver the exogenic transcription factors under their protein form. Recently some protocols using protein delivery have been developed to produce iPS. However associated efficiencies are very low and protocols are quite fastidious.The aim of this Ph.D. project was to develop a new efficient and simplified protein delivery method for the safe generation of iPS compatible with clinical applications. Cell sources were selected depending of the final applications of iPS: (i) fibroblasts, extensively used and described in bibliography and allowing autologous therapies with many applications in the field of hematology; (ii) cord blood hematopoietic stem cells, one of the safest biomaterials, with the aim to generate red blood cells in vitro in order to respond to increasing needs for transfusion products, particularly for rare blood types.First, different protein vectors developed by the TheREx team of the TIMC-IMAG laboratory were compared for their efficiency of production and delivery as well as for the activity of associated factors. The selected vector is a natural micro-syringe expressed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, able to inject the transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Nanog and Lin28a (Thomson combination) with c-Myc directly into the cytoplasm of target cells, without the need for any purification step. Once injected, transcription factors are addressed to the nucleus in less than 2 hours where they efficiently activate transcription of pluripotency genes, with significant responses observed as early as 24h after injection. We also highlighted the secured and controllable nature of this vector by completely eliminating the bacteria from the cultures in a few hours after injection with an antibiotic treatment. Optimizations of the reprogramming conditions were also made by adjusting many parameters such as the combination of transcription factors, the injection frequency and the bacteria : cell ratio.Les cellules souches pluripotentes induites (iPS) partagent avec les cellules souches embryonnaires la capacité à se différencier en tous les types cellulaires d'un organisme, mais leur obtention ne nécessite pas l'utilisation d'embryons. Elles sont générées par la surexpression de facteurs de transcription embryonnaires au sein de cellules somatiques. Les iPS représentent un outil de choix en biologie fondamentale et appliquée ainsi qu'en médecine régénérative.La plupart des protocoles de génération d'iPS reposent sur un transfert des séquences nucléotidiques codant les facteurs de transcription embryonnaires impliqués dans la mise en place du réseau de pluripotence. Bien qu'efficaces, ces méthodes présentent des problèmes de sécurité majeurs, incompatibles avec une utilisation clinique des iPS générées. La voie la plus rationnelle pour produire des iPS de manière parfaitement sécurisée est d'apporter les facteurs exogènes directement sous leur forme protéique. Des protocoles de reprogrammation par transfert de protéines ont été récemment développés, mais les efficacités associées sont relativement faibles et les protocoles relativement fastidieux.L'objectif de ce projet de thèse était de mettre au point une nouvelle approche de transfert de protéines, sécurisée et simplifiée, pour la génération de cellules souches pluripotentes induites utilisables en clinique. Les cellules à reprogrammer ont été choisies en fonction des applications potentielles des iPS générées : (i) les fibroblastes, faisant référence dans la bibliographie et permettant d'envisager des thérapies autologues avec notamment de nombreuses applications en hématologie ; (ii) les cellules souches hématopoïétiques de sang de cordon, l'un des matériaux biologiques les plus sûrs, afin de générer des globules rouges in vitro, dans la perspective de répondre aux demandes croissantes en terme de transfusion, en particulier pour les groupes sanguins rares.Nous avons donc comparé les différents vecteurs de transduction de protéines développés par l'équipe TheREx du laboratoire TIMC-IMAG, en termes de facilité de production, d'efficacité de transfert ainsi que sur l'activité des facteurs de transcription associés. Le vecteur sélectionné est une micro-seringue naturelle portée par la bactérie Pseudomonas aeruginosa, capable d'injecter les facteurs Oct4, Sox2, Nanog et Lin28 (facteurs de Thomson) mais aussi c-Myc, directement dans le cytoplasme des cellules cibles, sans étape de purification nécessaire. Les facteurs de transcription injectés sont adressés jusqu'au noyau des cellules en moins de 2h, où ils activent rapidement la transcription des gènes de pluripotence, avec des réponses significatives mesurées dès 24h après injection. Nous avons également mis en évidence le caractère sécurisé et contrôlable du vecteur puisque nous sommes capables d'éliminer complètement les bactéries des cultures grâce à un traitement antibiotique, et ce dès quelques heures après l'injection. Des optimisations des conditions de reprogrammation ont été réalisées en modifiant les principaux paramètres que sont, le choix des facteurs de transcription, la fréquence des injections et le ratio bactéries : cellules.Ainsi, bien que nous ne soyons pas parvenus à générer des iPS à ce jour avec ce système, la micro-seringue naturelle que nous avons développé et optimisé se positionne comme un vecteur de choix pour le transfert de protéines dans l'optique de générer des iPS, en termes d'efficacité de vectorisation et d'induction transcriptionnelle, de sécurité mais aussi de facilité d'utilisation

Salivary glands regenerate after radiation injury through SOX2-mediated secretory cell replacement

Salivary gland acinar cells are routinely destroyed during radiation treatment for head and neck cancer that results in a lifetime of hyposalivation and co-morbidities. A potential regenerative strategy for replacing injured tissue is the reactivation of endogenous stem cells by targeted therapeutics. However, the identity of these cells, whether they are capable of regenerating the tissue, and the mechanisms by which they are regulated are unknown. Using in vivo and ex vivo models, in combination with genetic lineage tracing and human tissue, we discover a SOX2+ stem cell population essential to acinar cell maintenance that is capable of replenishing acini after radiation. Furthermore, we show that acinar cell replacement is nerve dependent and that addition of a muscarinic mimetic is sufficient to drive regeneration. Moreover, we show that SOX2 is diminished in irradiated human salivary gland, along with parasympathetic nerves, suggesting that tissue degeneration is due to loss of progenitors and their regulators. Thus, we establish a new paradigm that salivary glands can regenerate after genotoxic shock and do so through a SOX2 nerve-dependent mechanism

Development of an innovative method for the safe generation of induced pluripotent stem cells by protein transduction

Les cellules souches pluripotentes induites (iPS) partagent avec les cellules souches embryonnaires la capacité à se différencier en tous les types cellulaires d'un organisme, mais leur obtention ne nécessite pas l'utilisation d'embryons. Elles sont générées par la surexpression de facteurs de transcription embryonnaires au sein de cellules somatiques. Les iPS représentent un outil de choix en biologie fondamentale et appliquée ainsi qu'en médecine régénérative.La plupart des protocoles de génération d'iPS reposent sur un transfert des séquences nucléotidiques codant les facteurs de transcription embryonnaires impliqués dans la mise en place du réseau de pluripotence. Bien qu'efficaces, ces méthodes présentent des problèmes de sécurité majeurs, incompatibles avec une utilisation clinique des iPS générées. La voie la plus rationnelle pour produire des iPS de manière parfaitement sécurisée est d'apporter les facteurs exogènes directement sous leur forme protéique. Des protocoles de reprogrammation par transfert de protéines ont été récemment développés, mais les efficacités associées sont relativement faibles et les protocoles relativement fastidieux.L'objectif de ce projet de thèse était de mettre au point une nouvelle approche de transfert de protéines, sécurisée et simplifiée, pour la génération de cellules souches pluripotentes induites utilisables en clinique. Les cellules à reprogrammer ont été choisies en fonction des applications potentielles des iPS générées : (i) les fibroblastes, faisant référence dans la bibliographie et permettant d'envisager des thérapies autologues avec notamment de nombreuses applications en hématologie ; (ii) les cellules souches hématopoïétiques de sang de cordon, l'un des matériaux biologiques les plus sûrs, afin de générer des globules rouges in vitro, dans la perspective de répondre aux demandes croissantes en terme de transfusion, en particulier pour les groupes sanguins rares.Nous avons donc comparé les différents vecteurs de transduction de protéines développés par l'équipe TheREx du laboratoire TIMC-IMAG, en termes de facilité de production, d'efficacité de transfert ainsi que sur l'activité des facteurs de transcription associés. Le vecteur sélectionné est une micro-seringue naturelle portée par la bactérie Pseudomonas aeruginosa, capable d'injecter les facteurs Oct4, Sox2, Nanog et Lin28 (facteurs de Thomson) mais aussi c-Myc, directement dans le cytoplasme des cellules cibles, sans étape de purification nécessaire. Les facteurs de transcription injectés sont adressés jusqu'au noyau des cellules en moins de 2h, où ils activent rapidement la transcription des gènes de pluripotence, avec des réponses significatives mesurées dès 24h après injection. Nous avons également mis en évidence le caractère sécurisé et contrôlable du vecteur puisque nous sommes capables d'éliminer complètement les bactéries des cultures grâce à un traitement antibiotique, et ce dès quelques heures après l'injection. Des optimisations des conditions de reprogrammation ont été réalisées en modifiant les principaux paramètres que sont, le choix des facteurs de transcription, la fréquence des injections et le ratio bactéries : cellules.Ainsi, bien que nous ne soyons pas parvenus à générer des iPS à ce jour avec ce système, la micro-seringue naturelle que nous avons développé et optimisé se positionne comme un vecteur de choix pour le transfert de protéines dans l'optique de générer des iPS, en termes d'efficacité de vectorisation et d'induction transcriptionnelle, de sécurité mais aussi de facilité d'utilisation.Like embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) are characterized by their ability to differentiate into any cell type in an organism. However their use doesn't raise the ethical issue linked to the use of embryos. iPS are generated from somatic cells by overexpression of embryonic transcription factors. iPS are thereby very promising in fundamental and applied biology as well as for regenerative medicine.Most of the protocols used to generate iPS are based on the delivery of nucleic acid sequences encoding embryonic transcription factors responsible for the activation of the pluripotency gene network. In spite of their efficiency, these methods are associated with major safety concerns incompatible with clinical applications. The more rational path to safely produce iPS is to deliver the exogenic transcription factors under their protein form. Recently some protocols using protein delivery have been developed to produce iPS. However associated efficiencies are very low and protocols are quite fastidious.The aim of this Ph.D. project was to develop a new efficient and simplified protein delivery method for the safe generation of iPS compatible with clinical applications. Cell sources were selected depending of the final applications of iPS: (i) fibroblasts, extensively used and described in bibliography and allowing autologous therapies with many applications in the field of hematology; (ii) cord blood hematopoietic stem cells, one of the safest biomaterials, with the aim to generate red blood cells in vitro in order to respond to increasing needs for transfusion products, particularly for rare blood types.First, different protein vectors developed by the TheREx team of the TIMC-IMAG laboratory were compared for their efficiency of production and delivery as well as for the activity of associated factors. The selected vector is a natural micro-syringe expressed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, able to inject the transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Nanog and Lin28a (Thomson combination) with c-Myc directly into the cytoplasm of target cells, without the need for any purification step. Once injected, transcription factors are addressed to the nucleus in less than 2 hours where they efficiently activate transcription of pluripotency genes, with significant responses observed as early as 24h after injection. We also highlighted the secured and controllable nature of this vector by completely eliminating the bacteria from the cultures in a few hours after injection with an antibiotic treatment. Optimizations of the reprogramming conditions were also made by adjusting many parameters such as the combination of transcription factors, the injection frequency and the bacteria : cell ratio

Targeted release of transcription factors for cell reprogramming by a natural micro-syringe.

International audienceEctopic expression of defined transcription factors (TFs) for cell fate handling has proven high potential interest in reprogramming differentiated cells, in particular for regenerative medicine, ontogenesis study and cell based modelling. Pluripotency or transdifferentiation induction as TF mediated differentiation is commonly produced by transfer of genetic information with safety concerns. The direct delivery of proteins could represent a safer alternative but still needs significant advances to be efficient. We have successfully developed the direct delivery of proteins by an attenuated bacterium with a type 3 secretion system that does not require challenging and laborious steps for production and purification of recombinant molecules. Here we show that this natural micro-syringe is able to inject TFs to primary human fibroblasts and cord blood CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells. The signal sequence for vectorization of the TF Oct4 has no effect on DNA binding to its nucleic target. As soon as one hour after injection, vectorized TFs are detectable in the nucleus. The injection process is not associated with toxicity and the bacteria can be completely removed from cell cultures. A three days targeted release of Oct4 or Sox2 embryonic TFs results in the induction of the core pluripotency genes expression in fibroblasts and CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells. This micro-syringe vectorization represents a new strategy for TF delivery and has potential applications for cell fate reprogramming

Targeted release of transcription factors for cell reprogramming by a natural micro-syringe.

International audienceEctopic expression of defined transcription factors (TFs) for cell fate handling has proven high potential interest in reprogramming differentiated cells, in particular for regenerative medicine, ontogenesis study and cell based modelling. Pluripotency or transdifferentiation induction as TF mediated differentiation is commonly produced by transfer of genetic information with safety concerns. The direct delivery of proteins could represent a safer alternative but still needs significant advances to be efficient. We have successfully developed the direct delivery of proteins by an attenuated bacterium with a type 3 secretion system that does not require challenging and laborious steps for production and purification of recombinant molecules. Here we show that this natural micro-syringe is able to inject TFs to primary human fibroblasts and cord blood CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells. The signal sequence for vectorization of the TF Oct4 has no effect on DNA binding to its nucleic target. As soon as one hour after injection, vectorized TFs are detectable in the nucleus. The injection process is not associated with toxicity and the bacteria can be completely removed from cell cultures. A three days targeted release of Oct4 or Sox2 embryonic TFs results in the induction of the core pluripotency genes expression in fibroblasts and CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells. This micro-syringe vectorization represents a new strategy for TF delivery and has potential applications for cell fate reprogramming

Salivary glands regenerate after radiation injury through SOX2-mediated secretory cell replacement.

Salivary gland acinar cells are routinely destroyed during radiation treatment for head and neck cancer that results in a lifetime of hyposalivation and co-morbidities. A potential regenerative strategy for replacing injured tissue is the reactivation of endogenous stem cells by targeted therapeutics. However, the identity of these cells, whether they are capable of regenerating the tissue, and the mechanisms by which they are regulated are unknown. Using in vivo and ex vivo models, in combination with genetic lineage tracing and human tissue, we discover a SOX2+ stem cell population essential to acinar cell maintenance that is capable of replenishing acini after radiation. Furthermore, we show that acinar cell replacement is nerve dependent and that addition of a muscarinic mimetic is sufficient to drive regeneration. Moreover, we show that SOX2 is diminished in irradiated human salivary gland, along with parasympathetic nerves, suggesting that tissue degeneration is due to loss of progenitors and their regulators. Thus, we establish a new paradigm that salivary glands can regenerate after genotoxic shock and do so through a SOX2 nerve-dependent mechanism

Long-term functional regeneration of radiation-damaged salivary glands through delivery of a neurogenic hydrogel.

Salivary gland acinar cells are severely depleted after radiotherapy for head and neck cancer, leading to loss of saliva and extensive oro-digestive complications. With no regenerative therapies available, organ dysfunction is irreversible. Here, using the adult murine system, we demonstrate that radiation-damaged salivary glands can be functionally regenerated via sustained delivery of the neurogenic muscarinic receptor agonist cevimeline. We show that endogenous gland repair coincides with increased nerve activity and acinar cell division that is limited to the first week after radiation, with extensive acinar cell degeneration, dysfunction, and cholinergic denervation occurring thereafter. However, we found that mimicking cholinergic muscarinic input via sustained local delivery of a cevimeline-alginate hydrogel was sufficient to regenerate innervated acini and retain physiological saliva secretion at nonirradiated levels over the long term (>3 months). Thus, we reveal a previously unknown regenerative approach for restoring epithelial organ structure and function that has extensive implications for human patients