373 research outputs found
Phytoplasma and phytoplasma diseases: a review of recent research
Numerous yellows-type diseases of plants have been associated with wall-less prokaryote pathogens
\u2013 phytoplasma over the last 40 years. These pathogens cannot be grown in axenic culture so that advances in their
study are mainly achieved by molecular techniques. Severe disease epidemics associated with a phytoplasma presence
have been described worldwide. These include coconut lethal yellowing in Africa and the Caribbean, grapevine
yellows in major viticultural areas and various diseases affecting stone and pome fruit plants. Phytoplasma-infected
plants exhibit symptoms suggesting a profound disturbance in the normal balance of growth regulators and also yellows
symptoms, but very often the symptomatology is not diagnostic. Detection and characterization of phytoplasmas
infecting different plant species are now possible with molecular methods, based on the study of 16S rDNA polymorphisms.
Molecular diversity of phytoplasmas is also demonstrated by studying genes coding the ribosomal proteins
S3, tuf, SecY, amp, imp and other genes. Four phytoplasma genomes have been fully sequenced, including those of
two \u2018Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris\u2019 strains, and those of strains of \u2018Ca. P. mali\u2019 and \u2018Ca. P. australiense\u2019. Three
of these genomes contain large amounts of repeated DNA sequence, and the fourth carries multiple copies of almost
100 genes. Considering that phytoplasmas have unusually small genomes, these repeats might be related to their
transkingdom habitat and to their pathogenic activity. An outlook of recent findings in the field is also repor
Molecular variability and host distribution of âcandidatus phytoplasma solaniâ strains from different geographic origins
The knowledge of phytoplasma genetic variability is a tool to study their epidemiology and to implement an effective monitoring and management of their associated diseases. âCandidatus Phytoplasma solaniâ is associated with âbois noirâ disease in grapevines, and yellowing and decline symptoms in many plant species, causing serious damages during the epidemic outbreaks. The epidemiology of the diseases associated with this phytoplasma is complex and related to numerous factors, such as interactions of the host plant and insect vectors and spreading through infected plant propagation material. The genetic variability of âCa. P. solaniâ strains in different host species and in different geographic areas during the last two decades was studied by RFLP analyses coupled with sequencing on vmp1, stamp, and tuf genes. A total of 119 strains were examined, 25 molecular variants were identified, and the variability of the studied genes was linked to both geographic distribution and year of infection. The crucial question in âCa. P. solaniâ epidemiology is to trace back the epidemic cycle of the infections. This study presents some relevant features about differential strain distribution useful for disease monitoring and forecasting, illustrating and comparing the phytoplasma molecular variants identified in various regions, host species, and time periods
Early and late follow-up of untreated traumatic aortic lesion: a support to delayed surgery
Fuente Fuente, Carlos;Montes Gil, Antonio;Periel Piquer, Montserra
A new species of planthopper belonging to the genus Oecleus StÄl, 1862 (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Cixiidae) from coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L) in Jamaica.
A new species of cixiid planthopper (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea) in the genus Oecleus StÄl, Oecleus mackaspringi sp. n., is described from Spring Garden, Jamaica. This new taxon is associated with coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.) and was found while surveying palm plots with active cases of lethal yellowing (LY). This is the first report of the genus Oecleus from Jamaica. Sequence data for the COI gene and 18S gene are also provided
Molecular characterization of âCandidatus Phytoplasma maliâ strains in outbreaks of apple proliferation in north eastern Italy, Hungary, and Serbia
During 2005-2008 apple plants of different varieties showing proliferation symptoms were observed in diverse areas of north eastern Italy, Hungary and Serbia. PCR/RFLP analyses showed that all the samples were infected with âCandidatus Phytoplasma maliâ. In the 16S plus spacer region two phytoplasma profiles (P-I and P-II) were distinguished. P-I profile was detected in reference strains AP, AT1, AT2, in samples from Serbia, and in the majority of samples from Trentino; the P-II profile was prevalent in samples from Veneto; both profiles were identified in samples from Hungary, in some cases together in single samples. The analyses of rpl22-s3 genes allow the identification, in all the samples showing a P-I profile, the presence of phytoplasmas belonging to rpX-A subgroup, while in the samples showing a P-II profile it was possible to distinguish the other three reported rpX subgroups. In the majority of samples from the Veneto region phytoplasmas belonging to rpX-D subgroup were identified, while rpX-B and rpX-C subgroups were identified only in a few samples from Trentino and Veneto regions, respectively. Further RFLP analyses on AP13/AP10 amplicons differentiate among strains belonging to the rpX-A subgroup: the samples from Serbia show AP profiles, while those from Trentino show AT-2 profiles. In the samples from Hungary the presence of AT1, AT2, and AP profiles was identified.Keywords: Apple, âCandidatus Phytoplasma maliâ, phytoplasma strains, PCR/RFLP analyses, epidemiolog
A new species of planthopper in the genus Agoo Bahder & Bartlett (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Derbidae) from coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.) in Jamaica
A new species of the genus Agoo Bahder & Bartlett, Agoo beani sp. n. was found associated with coconut (Cocos nucifera L., Arecaceae) in Jamaica. This species was discovered as part of a survey of the Caribbean basin to document planthopper diversity on palms. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and 18S sequence data strongly support placement of the new species in Agoo. The morphological features of Omolicna cocoana Rodriguez-Leon & Hidalgo-Gato from Cuba are reviewed and this species transferred into the genus Agoo
First report of multiple inflorescence disease of Cirsium arvense and its association with a 16SrIII-B subgroup phytoplasma in Serbia
Multiple inflorescences on Cirsium arvense (Asteraceae)
have always been attributed to the presence of eriophyid
mites, since their first record in 1892. Plants showing symptoms of varying intensity were recorded from more than 10 sites in northern Serbia between 2001 and 2003. Affected plants showed irregular growth, atypical branching with small leaves, shortened internodes, hardening of the green inflorescence and reduced vigour, as well as either chlorosis or reddishbrown discoloration of the leaves and stems. Plants that reached flowering sometimes had multiple inflorescences.
In the field the disease persists for years, increasing slowly
around the original infection focus. Infected plants
senesce prematurely, inhibiting both seed production and
rhizome propagation, which markedly reduces the
C. arvense population.
DNA was extracted from eight samples of fresh leaf
midribs and multiple inflorescences from affected plants,
and from similar tissues of four plants without symptoms.
This DNA was used as template in a nested PCR using
universal phytoplasma primers P1/P7, followed by
primers F1/B6 (band ≈ 1700 bp) and then primers R16F2/
R2. Subsequent RFLP analyses with HpaII, TruI and Hha
I restriction endonucleases were carried out. All samples from plants with symptoms were PCR positive, while those from the four symptomless plants were negative. RFLP patterns from the R16F2/R2 amplicons were identical to those of clover yellow edge phytoplasma (subgroup 16SrIII-B) but different from the TruI and HpaII profiles obtained using a reference strain of peach X disease. These results were confirmed using primers R16(III)F2/R1, which are specific for group 16SrIII phytoplasmas and which amplify an ≈ 800 bp product.
This is the first report of multiple inflorescence disease
of Cirsium in Serbia and of its association with phytoplasmas
belonging to rRNA group 16SrIII-B. These
phytoplasmas have recently been identified in plants with
similar symptoms in Hungarian vineyards and in other herbaceous or woody host species
Can CHA2DS2-VASc and HASâBLED Foresee the Presence of Cerebral Microbleeds, Lacunar and Non-Lacunar Infarcts in Elderly Patients With Atrial Fibrillation? Data From StratâAF Study
Anticoagulants reduce embolic risk in atrial fibrillation (AF), despite increasing hemorrhagic risk. In this context, validity of congestive heart failure, hypertension, age â„ 75 years, diabetes, stroke, vascular disease, age 65â74 years and sex category (CHA2DS2-VASc) and hypertension, abnormal renal/liver function, stroke, bleeding history or predisposition, labile international normalized ratio, elderly, drugs/alcohol concomitantly (HASâBLED) scales, used to respectively evaluate thrombotic and hemorrhagic risks, is incomplete. In patients with AF, brain MRI has led to the increased detection of âasymptomaticâ brain changes, particularly those related to small vessel disease, which also represent the pathologic substrate of intracranial hemorrhage, and silent brain infarcts, which are considered risk factors for ischemic stroke. Routine brain MRI in asymptomatic patients with AF is not yet recommended. Our aim was to test predictive ability of risk stratification scales on the presence of cerebral microbleeds, lacunar, and non-lacunar infarcts in 170 elderly patients with AF on oral anticoagulants. Ad hoc developed R algorithms were used to evaluate CHA2DS2-VASc and HASâBLED sensitivity and specificity on the prediction of cerebrovascular lesions: (1) Maintaining original items' weights; (2) augmenting weights' range; (3) adding cognitive, motor, and depressive scores. Accuracy was poor for each outcome considering both scales either in phase 1 or phase 2. Accuracy was never improved by the addition of cognitive scores. The addition of motor and depressive scores to CHA2DS2-VASc improved accuracy for non-lacunar infarcts (sensitivity = 0.70, specificity = 0.85), and sensitivity for lacunarâinfarcts (sensitivity = 0.74, specificity = 0.61). Our results are a very first step toward the attempt to identify those elderly patients with AF who would benefit most from brain MRI in risk stratification
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