372 research outputs found
Late-time spectral line formation in Type IIb supernovae, with application to SN 1993J, SN 2008ax, and SN 2011dh
We investigate line formation processes in Type IIb supernovae (SNe) from 100
to 500 days post-explosion using spectral synthesis calculations. The modeling
identifies the nuclear burning layers and physical mechanisms that produce the
major emission lines, and the diagnostic potential of these. We compare the
model calculations with data on the three best observed Type IIb SNe to-date -
SN 1993J, SN 2008ax, and SN 2011dh. Oxygen nucleosynthesis depends sensitively
on the main-sequence mass of the star and modeling of the [O I] 6300, 6364
lines constrains the progenitors of these three SNe to the M_ZAMS=12-16 M_sun
range (ejected oxygen masses 0.3-0.9 M_sun), with SN 2011dh towards the lower
end and SN 1993J towards the upper end of the range. The high ejecta masses
from M_ZAMS >= 17 M_sun progenitors give rise to brighter nebular phase
emission lines than observed. Nucleosynthesis analysis thus supports a scenario
of low/moderate mass progenitors for Type IIb SNe, and by implication an origin
in binary systems. We demonstrate how oxygen and magnesium recombination lines
may be combined to diagnose the magnesium mass in the SN ejecta. For SN 2011dh,
a magnesium mass of of 0.02-0.14 M_sun is derived, which gives a Mg/O
production ratio consistent with the solar value. Nitrogen left in the He
envelope from CNO-burning gives strong [N II] 6548, 6583 emission lines that
dominate over H-alpha emission in our models. The hydrogen envelopes of Type
IIb SNe are too small and dilute to produce any noticeable H-alpha emission or
absorption after ~150 days, and nebular phase emission seen around 6550 A is in
many cases likely caused by [N II] 6548, 6583. Finally, the influence of
radiative transport on the emergent line profiles is investigated...(abridged)Comment: Published versio
Circumstellar interaction models for the early bolometric light curve of SN 2023ixf
SNe II show growing evidence of interaction with CSM surrounding their
progenitor stars as a consequence of enhanced mass loss during the last years
of the progenitor's life. We present an analysis of the progenitor mass-loss
history of SN2023ixf, a nearby SN II showing signs of interaction. We calculate
the early-time bolometric light curve (LC) for SN2023ixf based on the
integration of the observed flux covering UV, optical and NIR bands, and
black-body extrapolations for the unobserved flux. Our calculations spot the
sudden increase to maximum luminosity and temperature, in addition to the
subsequent fall, displaying an evident peak. This is the first time that this
phase can be precisely estimated for a SN II showing interesting
characteristics as: 1) slope changes during the rise to maximum luminosity; and
2) a very sharp peak with a maximum luminosity of 310erg
s. We use the bolometric LC of SN2023ixf to test the calibrations of
bolometric corrections against colours from the literature. In addition, we
include SN2023ixf into some of the available calibrations to extend their use
to earlier epochs. Comparison of the observed bolometric LC to SN II explosion
models with CSM interaction suggests a progenitor mass-loss rate of
310yr confined to 12000 and a wind
acceleration parameter of =5. This model reproduces the early bolometric
LC, expansion velocities, and the epoch of disappearance of interacting lines
in the spectra. This model indicates that the wind was launched 80yr
before the explosion. If the effect of the wind acceleration is not taken into
account, the enhanced wind must have developed over the final months to years
prior to the SN, which may not be consistent with the lack of outburst
detection in pre-explosion images over the last 20yr before explosion.Comment: Submitted to A&
Optical photometry and spectroscopy of the 1987A-like supernova 2009mw
We present optical photometric and spectroscopic observations of the
1987A-like supernova (SN) 2009mw. Our and photometry covers
167 days of evolution, including the rise to the light curve maximum, and ends
just after the beginning of the linear tail phase. We compare the observational
properties of SN 2009mw with those of other SNe belonging to the same subgroup,
and find that it shows similarities to several objects. The physical parameters
of the progenitor and the SN are estimated via hydrodynamical modelling,
yielding an explosion energy of foe, a pre-SN mass of , a progenitor radius as and a Ni mass
as . These values indicate that the progenitor of SN
2009mw was a blue supergiant star, similar to the progenitor of SN 1987A. We
examine the host environment of SN 2009mw and find that it emerged from a
population with slightly sub-solar metallicty.Comment: 11 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA
The Carnegie Supernova Project I: methods to estimate host-galaxy reddening of stripped-envelope supernovae
We aim to improve upon contemporary methods to estimate host-galaxy reddening
of stripped-envelope (SE) supernovae (SNe). To this end the Carnegie Supernova
Project (CSP-I) SE SNe photometry data release, consisting of nearly three
dozen objects, is used to identify a minimally reddened sub-sample for each
traditionally defined spectroscopic sub-types (i.e, SNe~IIb, SNe~Ib, SNe~Ic).
Inspection of the optical and near-infrared (NIR) colors and color evolution of
the minimally reddened sub-samples reveals a high degree of homogeneity,
particularly between 0d to +20d relative to B-band maximum. This motivated the
construction of intrinsic color-curve templates, which when compared to the
colors of reddened SE SNe, yields an entire suite of optical and NIR color
excess measurements. Comparison of optical/optical vs. optical/NIR color excess
measurements indicates the majority of the CSP-I SE SNe suffer relatively low
amounts of reddening and we find evidence for different R_(V)^(host) values
among different SE SN. Fitting the color excess measurements of the seven most
reddened objects with the Fitzpatrick (1999) reddening law model provides
robust estimates of the host visual-extinction A_(V)^(host) and R_(V)^(host).
In the case of the SE SNe with relatively low amounts of reddening, a preferred
value of R_(V)^(host) is adopted for each sub-type, resulting in estimates of
A_(V)^(host) through Fitzpatrick (1999) reddening law model fits to the
observed color excess measurements. Our analysis suggests SE SNe reside in
galaxies characterized by a range of dust properties. We also find evidence SNe
Ic are more likely to occur in regions characterized by larger R_(V)^(host)
values compared to SNe IIb/Ib and they also tend to suffer more extinction.
These findings are consistent with work in the literature suggesting SNe Ic
tend to occur in regions of on-going star formation.Comment: Abstract abridged to fit allowed limit. Resubmitted to A&A, 34 pages,
19 figures, 6 tables. Constructive comments welcome
Detection of the Gravitational Lens Magnifying a Type Ia Supernova
Objects of known brightness, like Type Ia supernovae (SNIa), can be used to
measure distances. If a massive object warps spacetime to form multiple images
of a background SNIa, a direct test of cosmic expansion is also possible.
However, these lensing events must first be distinguished from other rare
phenomena. Recently, a supernova was found to shine much brighter than normal
for its distance, which resulted in a debate: was it a new type of
superluminous supernova or a normal SNIa magnified by a hidden gravitational
lens? Here we report that a spectrum obtained after the supernova faded away
shows the presence of a foreground galaxy--the first found to strongly magnify
a SNIa. We discuss how more lensed SNIa may be found than previously predicted.Comment: 32 pages, 10 figures. Accepted for publication in Scienc
HYDRODYNAMICAL MODELS OF TYPE II-P SUPERNOVA LIGHT CURVES
RESUMEN Presentamos los progresos en el modelado de curvas de luz de supernovas de tipo II plateau (SNe II-P) obtenidos a partir de un código hidrodinámico unidimensional que recientemente hemos desarrollado. Usando modelos iniciales simples (polítropas) reprodujimos el comportamiento global de las curvas de luz observadas y analizamos la sensibilidad de la curva de luz a la variación de los parámetros libres. ABSTRACT We present progress in light curve models of type II-P supernovae (SNe II-P) obtained using a newly developed, one-dimensional hydrodynamic code. Using simple initial models (polytropes), we reproduced the global behavior of the observed light curves and we analyzed the sensitivity of the light curves to the variation of free parameters
Properties of Newly Formed Dust Grains in The Luminous Type IIn Supernova 2010jl
Supernovae (SNe) have been proposed to be the main production sites of dust
grains in the Universe. Our knowledge on their importance to dust production
is, however, limited by observationally poor constraints on the nature and
amount of dust particles produced by individual SNe. In this paper, we present
a spectrum covering optical through near-Infrared (NIR) light of the luminous
Type IIn supernova (SN IIn) 2010jl around one and half years after the
explosion. This unique data set reveals multiple signatures of newly formed
dust particles. The NIR portion of the spectrum provides a rare example where
thermal emission from newly formed hot dust grains is clearly detected. We
determine the main population of the dust species to be carbon grains at a
temperature of ~1,350 - 1,450K at this epoch. The mass of the dust grains is
derived to be ~(7.5 - 8.5) x 10^{-4} Msun. Hydrogen emission lines show
wavelength-dependent absorption, which provides a good estimate on the typical
size of the newly formed dust grains (~0.1 micron, and most likely <~0.01
micron). We attribute the dust grains to have been formed in a dense cooling
shell as a result of a strong SN-circumstellar media (CSM) interaction. The
dust grains occupy ~10% of the emitting volume, suggesting an inhomogeneous,
clumpy structure. The average CSM density is required to be >~3 x 10^{7}
cm^{-3}, corresponding to a mass loss rate of >~0.02 Msun yr^{-1} (for a mass
loss wind velocity of ~100 km s^{-1}). This strongly supports a scenario that
SN 2010jl and probably other luminous SNe IIn are powered by strong
interactions within very dense CSM, perhaps created by Luminous Blue Variable
(LBV)-like eruptions within the last century before the explosion.Comment: 18 pages, 11 figures. Accepted by ApJ on 30 July 2013. The accepted
version was submitted on 8 July 2013, and the original version was submitted
on 3 March 201
Human variants in the Neuronal Basic Helix-Loop-Helix/ Per-Arnt-Sim (bHLH/PAS) transcription factor complex NPAS4/ARNT2 disrupt function
Neuronal Per-Arnt-Sim homology (PAS) Factor 4 (NPAS4) is a neuronal activity-dependent transcription factor which heterodimerises with ARNT2 to regulate genes involved in inhibitory synapse formation. NPAS4 functions to maintain excitatory/inhibitory balance in neurons, while mouse models have shown it to play roles in memory formation, social interaction and neurodegeneration. NPAS4 has therefore been implicated in a number of neuropsychiatric or neurodegenerative diseases which are underpinned by defects in excitatory/inhibitory balance. Here we have explored a broad set of non-synonymous human variants in NPAS4 and ARNT2 for disruption of NPAS4 function. We found two variants in NPAS4 (F147S and E257K) and two variants in ARNT2 (R46W and R107H) which significantly reduced transcriptional activity of the heterodimer on a luciferase reporter gene. Furthermore, we found that NPAS4.F147S was unable to activate expression of the NPAS4 target gene BDNF due to reduced dimerisation with ARNT2. Homology modelling predicts F147 in NPAS4 to lie at the dimer interface, where it appears to directly contribute to protein/protein interaction. We also found that reduced transcriptional activation by ARNT2 R46W was due to disruption of nuclear localisation. These results provide insight into the mechanisms of NPAS4/ARNT dimerisation and transcriptional activation and have potential implications for cognitive phenotypic variation and diseases such as autism, schizophrenia and dementia.David C. Bersten, John B. Bruning, Daniel J. Peet, Murray L. Whitela
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