Geographic distribution, abundance, diet, and body size of invasive pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in the Norwegian and Barents Seas, and in Norwegian rivers

We report for the first time the geographic distribution, abundance, diet, and body size of invasive pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in the Norwegian and Barents Seas and Norwegian coast and rivers. We found that pink salmon have spread throughout the Norwegian Sea and along the Norwegian coast, and abundance increased by several orders of magnitude in 2017, with no signs that it has peaked. Marine pink salmon diet comprised mainly fish larvae, amphipods, and krill, but their relative importance varied with geographic distribution. North of 67.5◦N, Amphipoda, herring, and saithe were more important, while south of 67.5◦N, Euphausiidae and mesopelagic fish abounded. Pink salmon body size was larger in the northern rivers, and to the north of the Norwegian Sea and the Barents Sea, relative to the southern rivers and sea areas. Pink salmon were feeding in the ocean during the winter and spring, and in coastal areas immediately before return to the rivers, but not after they had entered the rivers. There was no geographical pattern in the seasonal timing of river ascent. The geographic pattern in abundance and diet of pink salmon, as reported here, offer a measure of the ecological effect of the invasion. diet, distribution, invasive species, northeast Atlantic, pink salmon.publishedVersio

Prospects for the future of pink salmon in three oceans: From the native Pacific to the novel Arctic and Atlantic

While populations of other migratory salmonids suffer in the Anthropocene, pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbusca Salmonidae) are thriving, and their distribution is expanding both within their natural range and in the Atlantic and Arctic following introduction of the species to the White Sea in the 1950s. Pink salmon are now rapidly spreading in Europe and even across the ocean to North America. Large numbers of pink salmon breed in Norwegian rivers and small numbers of individuals have been captured throughout the North Atlantic since 2017. Although little is known about the biology and ecology of the pink salmon in its novel distribution, the impacts of the species' introduction are potentially highly significant for native species and watershed productivity. Contrasts between pink salmon in the native and extended ranges will be key to navigating management strategies for Atlantic nations where the pink salmon is entrenching itself among the fish fauna, posing potential threats to native fish communities. One key conclusion of this paper is that the species' heritable traits are rapidly selected and drive local adaptation and evolution. Within the Atlantic region, this may facilitate further establishment and spread. The invasion of pink salmon in the Atlantic basin is ultimately a massive ecological experiment and one of the first examples of a major faunal change in the North Atlantic Ocean that is already undergoing rapid changes due to other anthropogenic stressors. New research is urgently needed to understand the role and potential future impacts of pink salmon in Atlantic ecosystems. Atlantification, biological invasions, climate adaptation, Pacific Ocean, regime shiftpublishedVersio

Alien marine species in Norway - Mapping, monitoring and assessment of vectors for introductions

Norway has the second longest coastline in the world, and it is challenging to monitor non-indigenous marine species (NIMS) along the entire shore including the Norwegian areas in the Barents Sea and along Svalbard. There is currently no national program for such monitoring, however some activity is taking place on specific species and organism groups which is presented here. Historically transport of NIMS is ballast water have been the main pathway into the Norwegian coast, but with the implementation of the Ballast Water Convention this risk is minimized. Biofouling on vessels coming into the Norwegian coast is thus considered to be the most important vector for marine introduction of new species. An analysis of the frequency and origin (last port call) for 158 000 vessel arrivals into Norwegian ports in the period 2020-2021 is presented. The results show that the Oslofjord area and the west coast is the areas with highest risk for marine introductions by vessels. Other vectors for such introductions into Norway are evaluated like the increasing amount of floating debris which can carry fouling organisms, larvae and eggs to new areas. An analysis of historical data for the established NIMS in Norway show that the southern area of Norway is most susceptible to new species. This pattern is not only dependent on the vector pressure but also reflects the temperature gradient northwards along the coast. Measures for prevention of new species to arrive and management of problematic species is also discussed.publishedVersio

Rømt oppdrettslaks i vassdrag i 2018 : Rapport fra det nasjonale overvåkningsprogrammet

Det nasjonale programmet for overvåking av rømt oppdrettslaks, som ble utformet og etablert på oppdrag fra Fiskeridirektoratet etter føringer fra Nærings- og fiskeridepartementet i 2014, har tallfestet innslagene av rømt oppdrettslaks i 205 vassdrag i 2018. Vassdragene som er overvåket, er valgt ut fra en rekke kriterier. Blant disse er god geografisk spredning, inkludering av de nasjonale laksevassdragene, og representasjon av vassdrag av ulik størrelse. Det har også blitt lagt vekt på å bygge videre på vassdrag med tidsserier og med gode lokale nettverk. Data ble samlet inn fra sportsfiske om sommeren, høstfiske, stamfiske og drivtellinger om høsten (også kalt gytefisktelling). De tre førstnevnte metodene er i hovedsak basert på stangfiske og skiller mellom rømt oppdrettslaks og villaks ved å undersøke fiskens skjell, noe som også gir et bilde av fiskens vekstbetingelser tidligere i livet. Drivtellinger innebærer at snorklere foretar en visuell inspeksjon av fisken i elven og teller opp og karakteriserer vill og rømt oppdrettet laks på basis av utseende og adferd i hele, eller deler av lakseførende strekning. I et flertall av elvene ble det benyttet mer enn én metode. Alle innsamlete data har vært gjennom en kvalitetssikringsprosess og har blitt gitt en score i henhold til en rekke kriterier for å få en vurdering av dataenes representativitet. Innslaget av rømt oppdrettslaks for hver elv presenteres som prosentandeler registrert ved de ulike metodene, samt som en ”årsprosent” som beregnes fra andel oppdrettslaks i sportsfisket og/eller høstfiske/stamfiske. Denne tar hensyn til at sportsfiske ofte gir et lavt, og høstfiske sannsynligvis et for høyt estimat av innslaget av rømt oppdrettslaks gjennom en sesong. Det ble beregnet årsprosent for 123 elver, og det presenteres data fra drivtellinger fra 122 elver.Resultatene fra alle 205 vassdragene, også de med kun drivtelling, blir presentert i en forenklet form der det gis en totalvurdering av hver elv hvor det vurderes om innslaget av oppdrettslaks er under 4 %, mellom 4 og 10 %, eller over 10 %. Vurderingen som ble gjort av vassdragene i 2018 skiller seg derfor noe fra vurderingene i tidligere år, hvor vi har vurdert om innslaget med sikkerhet kan sies å være over eller under 10 %, og med en usikker kategori for vassdragene hvor vi hvor det ble vurdert at innslaget av oppdrettslaks ikke kunne fastslås med sikkerhet. I 2018 ble til sammen 153 elver (75 %) vurdert til å ha lavt innslag av rømt oppdrettslaks (mindre enn 4 %), 33 vassdrag (16 %) ble vurdert til å ha moderat innslag (mellom 4 og 10 %), mens 19 (9 %) vassdrag ble vurdert til å ha et høyt innslag av rømt oppdrettslaks. Det var en økning i både antall og andel elver med høyt innslag i 2018 sammenliknet med 2017 (15 vassdrag, 8 %). Innslaget av rømt oppdrettslaks varierte langs norskekysten, for eksempel ved at Hardangerfjorden, som i tidligere år, hadde mange av vassdragene med høyt innslag av rømt oppdrettslaks. Det var også vassdrag med høyt innslag av rømt oppdrettslaks i Møre og Romsdal, Trøndelag, Nordland og Troms. Tilstanden var derimot god, med lave innslag av rømt oppdrettslaks, på hele strekningen fra Akershus til Rogaland. Det uveide gjennomsnittet av innslaget av rømt oppdrettslaks i sportsfisket og i høstfisket var 2,8 og 4,1 % (med median på henholdsvis 1,0 og 0,2 %), og gjennomsnittlig årsprosent var 4,2 % (median på 1,3 %). I drivtellingene var gjennomsnitt og median henholdsvis 2,7 og 1,0 %. Gjennomsnittlig andel rømt oppdrettslaks i sportsfisket, og særlig i høstfisket har vist en fallende tendens gjennom de siste årene, mens tallene for 2018 er omtrent på samme nivå som i 2017. Ulike kilder til usikkerhet i dataene blir diskutert i rapporten. De ulike metodene som har blitt benyttet i de forskjellige elvene har sine styrker og svakheter, både i forhold til prøvestørrelsene og sikker identifikasjon av rømt oppdrettslaks. At innslaget av rømt oppdrettslaks i vassdragene endrer seg i løpet av sesongen, og at rømt oppdrettslaks til dels har en annen adferd enn villaks, bidrar til usikkerheten i dataene og gjør det nødvendig å benytte informasjon fra flere metoder. Ved å benytte de samme metodene i de samme vassdragene i påfølgende år får man en god indikasjon på utviklingen av rømt oppdrettslaks i vassdragene. Den store mengden data som er samlet inn og systematisert i løpet av de fem første årene av overvåkingsprogrammet gir imidlertid berettiget optimisme om at man i fortsettelsen av programmet kan få en bedre forståelse av metodiske problemstillinger og forbedre kvaliteten på overvåkingen ytterligere. Rapporten består av to deler; i denne hovedrapporten som oppsummerer resultatene og Del 2 – Vassdragsvise rapporter, som viser resultatene for det enkelte vassdrag, samlet i fylkesvise rapporter. De ulike delrapportene som utgjør Del 2 er tilgjengelig elektronisk på www.hi.no.publishedVersio

A Review of Pink Salmon in the Pacific, Arctic, and Atlantic Oceans

The Northern Hemisphere Pink Salmon Expert Group Meeting was held on October 2–3, 2022 in Vancouver, Canada, immediately preceding the International Year of the Salmon (IYS) Synthesis Symposium. The rapid expansion of pink salmon was the theme for the meeting, and experts came together to discuss the current state of knowledge for pink salmon. Specific topics of focus included the range expansion into the Atlantic and Arctic oceans, trends in distribution and abundance, research and monitoring approaches, potential inter-specific interactions, mitigation efforts, and plans for future collaborations. The outcomes of the meeting were presented at the IYS Synthesis Symposium and are further disseminated through this NPAFC Technical Report. The Executive Summary section of this report provides a brief background, a condensed overview of each topic, and concludes with overarching takeaway messages that are intended to guide future collaborations.publishedVersio

A Review of Pink Salmon in the Pacific, Arctic, and Atlantic Oceans

The Northern Hemisphere Pink Salmon Expert Group Meeting was held on October 2–3, 2022 in Vancouver, Canada, immediately preceding the International Year of the Salmon (IYS) Synthesis Symposium. The rapid expansion of pink salmon was the theme for the meeting, and experts came together to discuss the current state of knowledge for pink salmon. Specific topics of focus included the range expansion into the Atlantic and Arctic oceans, trends in distribution and abundance, research and monitoring approaches, potential inter-specific interactions, mitigation efforts, and plans for future collaborations. The outcomes of the meeting were presented at the IYS Synthesis Symposium and are further disseminated through this NPAFC Technical Report. The Executive Summary section of this report provides a brief background, a condensed overview of each topic, and concludes with overarching takeaway messages that are intended to guide future collaborations.publishedVersio

Incubation temperature and physiological aging in the zebra finch

In birds, incubation temperature has received increased attention as an important source of phenotypic variability in offspring. A lower than optimal incubation temperature may negatively affect aspects of nestling physiology, such as body growth and energy metabolism. However, the long-term effects of sub-optimal incubation temperature on morphology and physiology are not well understood. In a previous study, we showed that zebra finches from eggs incubated at a low temperature (35.9˚C) for 2/3 of the total incubation time suffered a lower post-fledging survival compared to individuals that had been incubated at higher temperatures (37.0 and 37.9˚C). In the present study, we investigated whether these variations in incubation temperature could cause permanent long-lasting differences in body mass, body size, or basal metabolic rate. Furthermore, we tested whether the observed differences in survival between treatment groups would be reflected in the rate of physiological deterioration, assessed through oxidative damage and decreased metabolic rate with age (i.e. ‘metabolic aging’). Incubation temperature did not significantly affect embryonic or nestling body growth and did not influence final adult body mass or body size. Nor was there any long-term effect on basal metabolic rate. Birds from eggs incubated at the lowest temperature experienced an accumulation of oxidative damage with age, although this was not accompanied by an accelerated rate of metabolic aging. The present results suggest that the low survival in these birds was possibly mediated by increased oxidative stress, but independent of body growth and the basal metabolic rate

Factors influencing return rate and marine residence durationin sea trout populations in Central Norway

Brown trout (Salmo trutta) display extensive plasticity in marine migratory behaviours, with marine migrations considered to be an adaptive strategy which enables sea trout to maximize growth and reproductive potential. However, marine migrations are not without associated costs, including threats posed by ever-increasing salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infestations. In the present study, we used passive integrated transponder technology to characterize variability in sea trout migration behaviour amongst three catchments situated in a region of intensive salmon farming in central Norway. Specifically, we investigate how lice infestation, out-migration date and body size alter sea trout return rate and marine residence duration during the first out-migration to sea from each catchment. Distinct catchment-specific differences in sea trout out-migration size and the number of cohorts were observed, but larger body size did not guarantee the successful return of migrating trout. The marine residence duration of individuals that successfully returned to freshwater was positively correlated with lice infestation risk, suggesting for these individuals the lethal infestation threshold had not been reached. Our results also suggest that sea trout populations from lotic-dominated catchments are potentially at greater risk from size-related threats to their survival encountered during their marine migrations than sea trout from lentic-dominated catchments. The variability in sea trout migratory behaviour amongst catchments observed here emphasizes the challenges fisheries managers face when deciding the best actions to take to protect the anadromous portion of brown trout populations. anadromous, brown trout, Norway, out-migration, salmon lic

Factors influencing return rate and marine residence durationin sea trout populations in Central Norway

Brown trout (Salmo trutta) display extensive plasticity in marine migratory behaviours, with marine migrations considered to be an adaptive strategy which enables sea trout to maximize growth and reproductive potential. However, marine migrations are not without associated costs, including threats posed by ever-increasing salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infestations. In the present study, we used passive integrated transponder technology to characterize variability in sea trout migration behaviour amongst three catchments situated in a region of intensive salmon farming in central Norway. Specifically, we investigate how lice infestation, out-migration date and body size alter sea trout return rate and marine residence duration during the first out-migration to sea from each catchment. Distinct catchment-specific differences in sea trout out-migration size and the number of cohorts were observed, but larger body size did not guarantee the successful return of migrating trout. The marine residence duration of individuals that successfully returned to freshwater was positively correlated with lice infestation risk, suggesting for these individuals the lethal infestation threshold had not been reached. Our results also suggest that sea trout populations from lotic-dominated catchments are potentially at greater risk from size-related threats to their survival encountered during their marine migrations than sea trout from lentic-dominated catchments. The variability in sea trout migratory behaviour amongst catchments observed here emphasizes the challenges fisheries managers face when deciding the best actions to take to protect the anadromous portion of brown trout populations. anadromous, brown trout, Norway, out-migration, salmon lic

The pink salmon invasion: a Norwegian perspective

In the period 1956–1979, more than 220 million of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum 1792) eggs from the southern part of Sakhalin Island in the Pacific Ocean were transported to the northwestern part of Russia (Gordeeva et al., 2015). The hatched fry were stocked to several rivers draining to the White Sea and Barents Sea,which is part of the Arctic Ocean, bordering on the North Atlantic Ocean. These introductions resulted in large catches of adult O. gorbuscha during the 1970s, especially in the White Sea (Niemelä et al., 2016). However, self-reproducing populations appeared not to become established, perhaps because the O. gorbuscha were not adapted to the local climatic conditions and timing of spawning. Low water temperatures during the autumn may have caused mortality of the developing embryos (Gordeeva et al., 2015). The more northerly located River Ola (59_ 350 N; 151_ 160 E; close to Magadan) in eastern Russia was chosen as the donor population for all subsequent ova introductions. Introductions during the 1980s resulted in selfreproducing populations of the odd-year brood line; which indicated that the River Ola population was better adapted to the hydrothermal regimes in the recipient rivers (Gordeeva et al., 2015). During the 1990s, stocked fry in Russian rivers were mostly based on eggs from local catches of odd-year spawners in the White Sea area (Niemelä et al., 2016). According to Niemelä et al. (2016), the translocation of O. gorbuscha eggs from the Pacific Ocean ended in 1998, while releases of fry from local catches ended in 2000. Consequently, catches later than 2001 in the White Sea, Barents Sea and North Atlantic Ocean and rivers draining to these areas originate from selfreproducing populations, mainly in rivers draining to the White Sea (Niemelä et al., 2016). This successful translocation of O. gorbuscha to create a self-sustaining population represented a distance of over 5,600 km as the crow flies. By far, odd-year spawners dominate the established populations (Gordeeva & Salmenkova, 2011). Several introductions of an even-year brood line from Ola River did not provide perceptible results, but still, low numbers of O. gorbuscha enter the rivers in even-years (Gordeeva et al., 2015).acceptedVersio