Landscape perception among various cultural groups on the example of Cracow and Istanbul residents

W niniejszej pracy zaprezentowano podobieństwa i różnice w postrzeganiu kraj obrazu przez Polaków i Turków. W ramach badań przeprowadzono ankiety z mieszkańcami Krakowa i Stambułu. W ankietach wykorzystano dziesięć zdjęć przedstawiających wybrane typy krajobrazu Polski i Turcji, sklasyfikowane na podstawie Europejskiej Klasyfikacji Krajobrazu (LANMAP). Badania wykazały, że choć ogólna ocena krajobrazu wśród mieszkańców Krakowa i Stambułu jest podobna, to przy wyrażaniu skrajnych emocji istnieją różnice. Przeprowadzone badania i analiza wyników pozwoliły wyciągnąć wnioski i uwagi metodyczne dotyczące wykonywania tego typu badań.This paper reports the similarities and differences in landscape perception between two various cultural groups (Poles and Turks –Cracow and Istanbul residents). Landscape photos used in the study were focusing on 10 selected types of landscapes –5 for each country (Poland and Turkey). They were categorized using an European Landscape Classification (LANMAP). The analysis was based on interviews with photo-based assessing procedures among Cracow and Istanbul residents. The survey instrument was available in Polish and Turkish. Generally, landscape perception is similar among Cracow and Istanbul residents whereas the differences can be noticed. This paper outlines also the methodological conclusions about this type of research

Determinations of the slope fragmentation in the High Bieszczady Mountains

The determinations of the slope fragmentation in the High Bieszczady Mountains (Eastern Carpathians) are described basing on analysis of three chosen slopes: SW slopes of Mt. Bukowe Berdo, SW slopes of Polonina Carynska, NE slopes of Mt. Dział. The structural and anthropogenic conditions were taken into account. The research is based on the geomorphological mapping and analysis of topographic, geological and geomorphological maps, longitudinal and transverse valley profiles

Piping forms in the Bieszczady Mountains (Eastern Carpathians)

The aim of this paper is to present the piping forms in the Bieszczady Mts., their morphology and morphometry. Piping as a mechanical removal of soil by subsurface concentrated water flow leads to the formation of underground channels (pipes). They become visible on the surface when a pipe roof collapses. Subsequently, surface piping forms are created. Sometimes a pipe inlet or a pipe outlet can be located. The piping forms and features are described and characterized - both erosional (sinkhole, closed depression, blind gully) and depositional (piping fan). Finally, the comparison of piping forms in different regions of the world is presented

Detection of soil pipes using ground penetrating radar

Soil piping leads to land degradation in almost all morphoclimatic regions. However, the detection of soil pipes is still a methodological challenge. Therefore, this study aims at testing ground penetrating radar (GPR) to identify soil pipes and to present the complexity of soil pipe networks. The GPR surveys were conducted at three sites in the Bieszczady Mountains (SE Poland), where pipes develop in Cambisols. In total, 36 GPR profiles longitudinal and transverse to piping systems were made and used to provide spatial visualization of pipe networks. Soil pipes were identified as reflection hyperbolas on radargrams, which were verified with the surface indicators of piping, i.e., sagging of the ground and the occurrence of pipe roof collapses. Antennas of 500 MHz and 800 MHz were tested, which made possible the penetration of the subsurface up to 3.2 m and 2 m, respectively. Concerning ground properties, antenna frequencies and processing techniques, there was a potential possibility to detect pipes with a minimum diameter of 3.5 cm (using the antenna of lower frequency), and 2.2 cm (with the antenna of higher frequency). The results have proved that soil pipes meander horizontally and vertically and their networks become more complicated and extensive down the slope. GPR is a useful method to detect soil pipes, although it requires field verification and the proper selection of antenna frequency

Formation of piping forms on Mt. Kińczyk Bukowski (High Bieszczady Mountains)

Piping is a process of mechanical flushing of particles by underground streams, which leads to the formation of surface and subsurface forms. This process has a role in development of Bieszczady Mountains landscape. However, there is not enough investigations which present geomorphological impact of this process. This paper shows preliminary results of research undertaken on NE slope of Kińczyk Bukowski above the timberline. The geodesic measurements were performed in order to show the morphometry of chosen piping forms in research area

Detection of soil pipe network by geophysical approach: Electromagnetic induction (EMI) and electrical resistivitytomography (ERT)

Studying soil pipes is a methodological challenge that needs improvement in detection methods in order to better recognize the role of piping erosion in land degradation and hillslope hydrology. This study explores electromagnetic induction (EMI) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) in order to identify soil pipes. The study was conducted in a mountainous area (the Bieszczady Mountains, SE Poland) under a temperate climate, where pipes develop in silty-clayey soils. In the plot area, eight profiles were measured by the conductivity meter at different depths and then interpolated to present apparent electrical conductivity (ECa). Also, six ERT profiles were carried out using the Wenner-Schlumberger electrode configuration. The ECa values measured by EMI are not very diversified, suggesting its lower sensitivity to changes in the ECa, whereas the ECa values measured by ERT are characterized by greater fluctuation, that is, better detection possibilities. ERT has revealed soil pipes as zones of higher electrical resistivity (ER >268 Ωm) than their surroundings (characterized below pipes by ER 427 Ωm), whereas EMI has revealed its higher sensitivity to water content. The EMI results have shown the lowering of the water table in the lower part of the slope, perhaps because of the drainage by a complex pipe network. EMI allows quick measurements of ECa providing information on water content, and thus indirectly soil pipes, but, it cannot delineate individual pipes. Only the integration of geophysical methods supported by field recognition provides an effective method to detect soil pipes